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A The story of tea began in ancient China over 5,000 years ago. According to Iegend, the Emperor Shen Nung was a skiIIed ruIer, creative scientist and patron of the arts. His far-sighted edicts required, among other things, that aII drinking water be boiIed as a hygienic precaution. One summer day, whiIe visiting a distant region of his reaIm, he and the court stopped to rest. In accordance with his ruIing, the servants began to boiI water for the court to drink. Dried Ieaves from a nearby bush feII into the boiIing water,and as the Ieaves infused the water turned brown. As a scientist, the Emperor was intrigued by the new Iiquid, drank some, and found it very refreshing. And so, according to Iegend, tea was created. B Tea consumption spread throughout Chinese cuIture, reaching into every aspect of society. The first definitive book was written on tea 一 a book cIearIy refIecting Zen Buddhist phiIosophy 一 1,200 years ago. The first tea seeds were brought to Japan by a returning Buddhist priest, who had seen the vaIue of tea in enhancing meditation in China. As a resuIt, he is known as the “Father of Tea” in Japan. Because of this earIy association, tea in Japan has aIways been Iinked with Zen Buddhism. Tea received the Japanese Emperor’s support aImost instantIy and spread rapidIy from the royaI court and monasteries to other sections of society. C Tea was eIevated to an art form in the Japanese tea ceremony, in which supreme importance is given to making tea in the most perfect, most poIite, most gracefuI, most charming manner possibIe. Such a purity of expression prompted the creation of a particuIar form of architecture for tea houses, dupIicating the simpIicity of a forest cottage. The cuIturaI/artistic hostesses of Japan, the geishas, began to speciaIise in the presentation of the tea ceremony. However, as more and more peopIe became【缺少答案，请补充】

invoIved in the excitement surrounding tea, the purity of the originaI concept was Iost, and for a period the tea ceremony became corrupted, boisterous and highIy embeIIished. Efforts were then made to return to the earIier simpIicity, with the resuIt that, in the 15th and 16th centuries, tea was viewed as the uItimate gift. Even warIords paused for tea before battIes. WhiIe tea was at this high IeveI of deveIopment in parts of Asia, information concerning the then-unknown beverage began to fiIter back to Europe. EarIier traders had mentioned it, but were uncIear as to whether tea shouId be eaten or drunk. The first European to personaIIy encounter tea and write about it was Portuguese 一 PortugaI, with her technoIogicaIIy advanced navy, had been successfuI in gaining the first right of trade with China. Tea finally arrived in Europe in the 16th century, brought to Holland by the country’s navy, and became very fashionable in the Dutch capital, The Hague. This was due in part to tea being very expensive (over $100 per pound), which immediately made it the domain of the wealthy. Slowly, as the amount of tea imported increased, the price fell, and by 1675 it was available in common food shops throughout Holland. As the consumption of tea increased dramatically in Dutch society, doctors and university authorities in Holland argued as to its benefits or drawbacks. The public largely ignored the scholarly debate and continued to enjoy their new beverage, though the controversy lasted from 1635 to roughly 1657. Throughout this period, France and Holland led Europe in the use of tea. As the craze for all things oriental swept through Europe, tea became part of everyday life. Adding milk to the drink was first mentioned in 1680. Around that time, Dutch inns provided the first restaurant service of tea. Innkeepers would furnish guests with a portable tea set complete with a heating unit. The Dutchman would then prepare tea for himself and his friends outside in the inn garden. Tea remained popular in France for only about fifty years, being replaced by a preference for wine, chocolate and exotic coffees. Tea was introduced into England in 1660 by King Charles II and his Portuguese queen, who were both confirmed tea drinkers. Tea mania swept across England as it had earlier spread throughout France and Holland. By 1708, tea importation had risen to thirteen times the 1699 level. Tea was drunk by all levels of society. Russian interest in tea began as early as 1618, when the Chinese embassy in Moscow presented several chests of tea to the Emperor, Czar Alexis. Later in the century, a trade treaty between Russia and China allowed caravans to cross back and forth freely between the two countries. Still, the journey was not easy. The average caravan【缺少答案，请补充】

consisted of 200 to 300 camels, and the 18,000-kilometre trip took over 16 months to complete. Eventually, however, tea became – as it still is – one of the most popular drinks in the country.【缺少答案，请补充】

Claims that tea might be harmful failed to affect its popularity.【缺少答案，请补充】

Tea lost favour to other drinks.【缺少答案，请补充】

Special buildings were constructed in which to drink tea.

Animals were involved in importing tea.

A ruler’s specialist knowledge led to an interest in tea.

One native bird in New Zealand that has managed to survive the introduction of non-native species As an island country with a fauna dominated by birds, New Zealand was once home to an nowl species which is now extinct, the laughing owl, named for its distinctive cry. This bird was widespread throughout the islands when European settlers arrived in the middle of the 19th century and it remained in good numbers for some years thereafter. Where other native birds suffered from predation by the Polynesian rat, the laughing owl turned the tables and adapted its diet to include the rodent. It was also capable of catching and killing the other New Zealand owl, the morepork, and even larger birds, such as the weka. However, the laughing owl was wiped out around the beginning of the 20th century, its demise caused by specimen collectors, habitat changes, and non-native predators including cats and stoats. Surprisingly, it is the smaller owl, the morepork, that has managed to survive until this day. Speckled dark brown, with yellow eyes and long tails, they are around 29 centimetres long from head to tail and 175 grams in weight. Moreporks have fringes on the edge of their feathers, so they can fly almost silently and not alert potential prey. They have acute hearing and their large eyes are very sensitive to light. Moreporks nest in tree hollows, in clumps of plants, or in cavities among rocks and roots. In the wild, moreporks usually start nesting in October, although two specimens have been

Early European settlers made detailed studies of the morepork.

In Māori tradition, the low call of the morepork had negative associations.

Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD AND/ORA NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 8 – 13 on your answer sheet. The Morepork Appearance • approximately 8 ( ) in length • feathers with fringes to enable quiet flight Nesting • nests in trees, plants or spaces in roots and 9 ( ) • after about 35 days, baby moreporks are capable of leaving the nest Hunting • transports its prey using its 10 ( ) • can be chased away by other birds during the 11 ( ) • attacked 12 ( ) that had been introduced to Motuora Island Threats • may be exposed to 13 ( ) in their prey【缺少答案，请补充】

In today’s fast-paced consumer world, attention is in short supply. Whether we are taking our time shopping in a mall, surfing the Internet for information, or just watching television as a form of passive entertainment, consumers are surrounded by messages—one every 15 seconds of our waking lives, according to some estimates. Last year, companies worldwide spent $401 billion on advertising, according to the independent World Advertising Research Centre in the UK. But as the graveyard of failed products shows, they usually get it wrong. Nine out of ten new products meet an early death, says Jamie Rayner, director of research at ID Magasin, a UK consultancy specialising in consumer behaviour. And the reason, he explains, is simple: conventional advertising has ceased to work. Rayner and his colleagues have measured how consumers—particularly regular commuters—react to advertising, and their conclusion should alarm many executives. They used a camera embedded in a pair of glasses worn to and from work to record commuters’ gaze as they glanced at advertisements on their journey. After analysing the recordings and questioning the subjects, they found that most of the advertisements made no impression at all: only about one per cent could be recalled without prompting. It seems that although we may be【缺少答案，请补充】

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