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The History of Coffee Houses Today, the idea of a coffee house usually brings to mind a cozy (惬意的) place that serves delicious coffee. So how did the coffee house get started? The first record of a public place serving coffee dates back to 1475. Kiva Han was the first coffee shop, located in Istanbul, Türkiye. Coffee was a very important item during that period. It was even legal in Türkiye for a woman to divorce her husband if he could not supply her with enough coffee. The idea of adding cream and sugar to coffee came into fashion in Europe around 1529, when the first coffee house in Europe was established. Vienna was invaded by the Turkish army. They left many bags of coffee beans behind when they fled the city. An Austrian who had lived in Türkiye was the only person who recognized the value in the beans. He opened a coffee house and introduced the idea of filtering (过滤) coffee, as well as softening coffee with milk and sugar. Coffee establishments continued to spread, with the first one opening up in Britain in 1652. And it was in an English coffee house that the word “tips” was first used. A jar with a sign reading “To Insure Prompt Service” sat on the counter. You put a coin in the jar to be served quickly. The British called their coffee houses “penny universities,” because that was the price for the coffee and the social upper-class of businessmen were found there. From there, the idea spread further through Europe and eventually to America. The role of the American coffee houses was the same as that in England: hotspots for the business community. And who could forget the most popular coffee house chain of all, Starbucks? They opened their first store in 1971, in Seattle, and have taken the world by storm with over 8,000 locations.【缺少答案，请补充】

Kiva Han was the world’s oldest coffee house.

Turkish men often bought coffee as a gift for the marriage proposal.

It was in Europe that people started to add cream to coffee.

The Turkish people enjoyed having their coffee black.

Coffee beans were first brought to Europe as a gift from Türkiye.

Before 1529, there were many coffee houses in Europe.

The British started tipping in order to get served more quickly.

Many coffee houses were opened in British universities.

American businessmen often met at coffee houses.【缺少答案，请补充】

Starbucks opened its first coffee house in 1652.

The Spread of Cats Today’s house cats all come from a single type of wildcat. Researchers believe that it was originally from the Near East, in a region from modern-day Türkiye down to Lebanon. Around 10,000 years ago, farmers began storing grain. The grain attracted mice. Cats could help out with that. The same type of cats also ruled in Ancient Egypt. They left their traces in statues and paintings. Researchers wondered how these two separate lines led to today’s worldwide success of cats. Unlike other archaeologists (考古学家), Eva-Maria Geigl studied DNA instead of bones. Combining the genetic information with other records, the researchers figured out the cats’ paths. After cats befriended (亲近) the Near East farmers, they began to appear on farms in other places. One example is a 9,500-year-old cat buried in a human grave on the island of Cyprus. There were no wild cats on the island. They must have come from somewhere else. Humans must have brought them on a boat. A second wave of cats began living with humans in Egypt 2,500 years ago. The new study shows that during Roman times, these Egyptian cats also began expanding through the Mediterranean (地中海). They mixed with the Near East cats and then went farther. They went through Europe and into Southwest Asia. When the Viking age began, the expansion of Egyptian cat families exploded. It was likely due to the popularity of using ship cats to kill rats. “Rats on ships not only eat and spoil the food, they also destroy the ropes, so rats could be a disaster for sailors,” says Geigl. “Cats prevent these types of disasters.”【缺少答案，请补充】

The first cats were believed to come from ________.

How does Geigl study the spread of cats?

The cat found in the Cyprus grave was probably ________.

The cats in Southwest Asia were originally from ________.

Who contributed most to the spread of cats during the Viking age?

The Pony (小马) Express ① In 1848, gold was found in California. Thousands of people rushed there. But the train line to California wasn’t finished until 1869. It took a long time to ride a horse from California to Missouri. What would you do if you wanted to send a message? Well, you could use the Pony Express. ② In 1860 and 1861, the Pony Express was the fastest way to get news to and from the West. The road was around 2,000 miles long. It took most people weeks or months to ride that far. The Pony Express could make it in just 10 days. Those speeds were unheard of then. How did they do it? Well, they had a good system. ③ The Pony Express had 184 stations along the road. The stations were about 10 miles apart. This is about how far a horse could run before tired. The rider would switch to a new horse at each station. Every 75-100 miles, the rider would get to a home station, where riders would rest. Before resting, he would give his mail bag to a new rider. The mail never stopped moving, while the horses and riders rested. ④ It was tough to ride for the Pony Express. Each rider had to weigh less than 125 pounds. Speed was the key. Most riders were teenage boys. They rode up to 100 miles a day. The ride could be dangerous. Attacks by local people were common. But in its running time, the Pony Express lost only one mail bag. ⑤ The Pony Express filled an important role for a time, but it did not last. The Civil War started in 1861. Things got worse when the first telegraph line to California was finished later that year. People could send messages by telegraph instantly. Soon the Pony Express closed. But the story of the brave riders lives on.【缺少答案，请补充】

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Paragraph ②:【缺少答案，请补充】

Paragraph ③:【缺少答案，请补充】

Paragraph ④:【缺少答案，请补充】

Paragraph ⑤:【缺少答案，请补充】

People rushed to California ________.

To ride 2,000 miles took the Pony Express ________.

There were adequate stations to ________.

Most riders had to ________.

The telegraph appeared ________.

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