2022年06月四级真题全3套_在线真题试卷与模拟练习_2022年06月四级真题全3套

You might think of your teeth as tools, like built-in knives and forks, but if they are mere tools, why do they feel pain and wouldn't it be better if they could just ___26___ under any condition?

In spite of our ___27___ discomfort, it turns out there's a good reason our teeth are so sensitive.

Tooth pain is a ___28___ mechanism that ensures when a tooth is being damaged we'll notice and do something about it.

If we eat something too hot or too cold, or if the tooth is worn down enough where the tissue ___29___ is exposed, all of those things cause pain, and then the pain causes the person not to use that tooth to try to protect it a little bit more.

If teeth didn't feel pain, we might ___30___ to use them in situations that damage them, and for humans, damaging ___31___ teeth is a problem because, unlike crocodiles, we can't ___32___ them.

Teeth have three layers, only one of which-the innermost layer of the tooth-can hurt, as that layer of the tooth ___33___ both blood vessels and nerves.

Whereas people with tooth sensitivity may complain, for example, of tooth pain ___34___ by heat or cold, the nerves in the inner layer don't sense temperature.

Rather, they feel pain, which may be ___35___ with, say, drinking something very cold.

How to determine if a company is a good fit for you A) On paper, the job seemed perfect for me: The position was completely in line with my degree, the duties and responsibilities were compatible with my interests, and the office maintained a well-stocked kitchen that would satisfy my every snack desire. B) Sounds like my dream job, right? There was only one small problem: I simply didn't get along with the company culture. They favored a more rigid, closed-door, corporate atmosphere, while I would have preferred something more collaborative and open. They were complete clock watchers, while I would have liked a more flexible schedule. To put it plainly, we just weren't on the same page. C) When it comes to looking for a new job, you already know that a big part of the interview process involves the company evaluating whether or not you're a good fit for their open role. But, it's important to keep in mind that the employer isn't the only one who needs to identify a good match—you should be looking for that same exact thing. Company culture can have a big impact on how you feel about your work, so you want to make sure you sign an offer letter with an organization you're truly excited about. D) However, figuring out what a company is like before you actually work there can be a bit of a challenge. Luckily, there are a few things you can do to determine whether or not a company is a good fit for you—before you ever sign your name on that dotted line. E) First of all, know what you want. It's hard to make any decisions when you don't really know what you're looking for. So before you can determine whether you and a specific company would be compatible together, it's important to have a solid handle on what exactly you want from your employer. Many of us have an easier time identifying the things that we absolutely don't want. If those are the only things you can think of, don't worry! That's still a good place to start.

Clues about the culture of a company can be found on its website.

It can be difficult to know the real situation in a company until you become part of it.

It is impossible for a job applicant to have every expectation met.

Simply by reading its description, the author found the job offered ideal.

Job applicants are advised to make a written list of their likes and dislikes in their previous employment.

At the end of an interview, a job applicant should seize the opportunity to get answers to their urgent questions.

To begin with, job applicants should be clear what they expect from their future employer.

Job applicants should read with a critical eye what is written about a company on the website.

Job satisfaction has a lot to do with company culture.

A chat with an insider of a company can give job applicants very useful information when they prepare for an interview.

What does the author say about students enrolled in online classes?

What does the author think of online course assignments?

What does the author say is one disadvantage of online classes?

What problem may arise if classes go online?

What does the author think constitutes a key part of genuine education?

In the age of the internet, there's no such thing as a private debate. But is that bad for science? Some scientists have had concerns. When debates in any sector move beyond the halls of universities and government agencies, there's potential for information to be used incorrectly, leading to public confusion; yet, open debate can also promote communication between the scientific community and the public. Recent open debates on scientific research, health, and policy have aroused greater public attention and encouraged more diverse voices. If this trend spurs scientists to agree more quickly about the best solutions to our problems—and at the same time helps the public observe the process of scientific discourse more clearly—then this is good for everyone, including scientists. A recent debate published in The New York Times discussed the question of how quickly medicine should be developed and produced. Issues such as safety of the product and perception of the public were examined and considered. But some experts worried that such public speculation might lead people to believe that disagreement about the details meant a lack of adequate scientific consensus over the safety and efficiency of modern-day medicine. The anxiety seems misplaced. Gone are the days of going to a conference and debating scientific issues, and that's good because those gatherings were not diverse enough and excluded many important voices. These days, the public can access debates about science regardless of where they take place. For many scientists, public debate is a new frontier and it may feel like a place with few restraints or rules? but rather than avoiding such conversations, let the debates be transparent and vigorous, wherever they are held. If the public is to understand that science is an honorably self-correcting process, the idea that science is a fixed set of facts in a textbook needs to be dismissed. With the validity of science coming under attack, there's a need for scientific debates to be perceived as open and true to life. Let everyone see the noisy, messy deliberations that advance science and lead to decisions that benefit us all.【缺少答案，请补充】

What does the author think open debate can do?

Why did a recent debate published in The New York Times arouse concerns among experts?

Why does the author say some experts' anxiety seems misplaced?

What does the author suggest scientists do about public debate?

What does the author say about science in the last paragraph?

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 从前有个农夫嫌他种的禾苗长得慢，就到地里把禾苗一株株地拔高了一点。回家后他对家人说：“今天可真把我累坏了！但我总算让禾苗一下子长高了。”他儿子到地里去看，禾苗都已死光了。现在有些家长急于让孩子成功，往往步那个农夫的后尘，搞得孩子苦不堪言，却不见孩子学业长进。这样的家长是否该对这个问题有所醒悟，让孩子自然成长呢？。

If you've ever looked at the ingredients list while grocery shopping, chances are you've seen the term "natural flavors". But have you taken a 26 to consider what these natural flavors actually are?【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】

Most of us might think that "natural flavors" are, well, naturally good for us. A recent study in the journal Appetite found that when the word "natural" appears on packaging, people 27 that the food within is indeed healthier.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】

In truth, natural flavors do not 28 much, at least chemically speaking, from their flavor-boosting 29: artificial flavors.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】

Both can be made in a lab by trained flavorists, but artificial flavors use chemicals to give a product a 30 smell or taste.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】

Natural flavors come from plant or animal 31, like fruit, vegetable, meat, fish or milk that is then processed or refined in some way.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】

In short, natural flavors are 32 from plants and animals to create specific flavors for processed foods.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】

But that does not 33 make it easier to tell what is really in your food.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】

Because the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not 34 the term, companies can use it to refer to pretty much anything derived from a plant or animal.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】

And natural flavors can also include a variety of chemical additives, such as preservatives. The FDA doesn't require companies to reveal what additional chemicals a specific item 35.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. Fake holiday villa websites prompt warning A) During the British winter, the thought of two weeks in a coastal villa (别墅) with soul-stirring views of the sea and a huge pool to enjoy is enough to offset (抵消) the labor until the holidays start. For a growing number of people, however, their yearly break is turning into a nightmare as they find that the property they have paid thousands for does not exist and the website through which they booked it has disappeared. B) Consumers have been warned to be aware of the potential for deception in this market, which is far from uncommon. In 2017 there were 1,632 cases of reported "villa fraud (诈骗)", with victims losing an average of £2,052, according to Action Fraud, the national center for reporting such frauds. "Millions of pounds are lost each year by defrauded holidaymakers," says Sean Tipton of the Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) . C) The problem has ballooned in the last 10 years, with frauds becoming more and more sophisticated. The fake websites have authentic-sounding names involving a mix of keywords, typically including the place name,"summer", "villas" or "rentals". Details of legitimate (合法的) villas are often stolen from other sites. "When the fraudsters first started it was unsophisticated—the websites looked amateur and there wasn't a lot of effort," says Tipton. "Now they are clever. They extensively rip off legitimate websites and use a different website name. They'll have pictures of a sales team and it might be a poor actor in New York that is down as their head of sales." D) Fraudsters target popular seaside destinations for British tourists visiting Spain where prices can soar if demand exceeds supply. Prices are kept within reasonable ranges to avoid arousing suspicion. "A villa might cost £5,000 elsewhere and they will offer it at say £3,500. But a bit of a giveaway is that the villa will be cheaper than on other websites and there's unlimited availability," says Tipton. Fraudsters also invest in pay-per-click advertising to feature at the top of search engines when people type in phrases such as "Spanish seaside villas". E) With such a degree of professionalism, how can consumers find out if the website they're looking to book with is trustworthy? "When people book holiday villas they are doing so through rose-colored glasses," says Tony Neate, chief executive of Get Safe Online, "They should be Googling the property, and looking on websites like Google Maps and StreetView to see if it's there. Also, speak to the person you're booking the villa with on a landline phone, as fraudsters tend to only use mobiles." He also suggests asking someone not going on the holiday to have a look at the website. "They might spot problems you don't spot." Another potential red flag is being asked to pay by bank transfer. "The problem is that when the money leaves your account it's in theirs straightaway and it's very hard to track it," says Barclays Bank head of digital safety, Jodie Gilbert. "We generally recommend other forms of payment, like credit card." F) Little seems to be known about these fraudsters, "There is no way to definitely know who they are," says Neate. "It could be anyone. It could be your next-door neighbor or organized crime in Russia." Action Fraud says people should ensure the company renting the villa is a member of a recognized trade body such as ABTA. G) "By working with industry partners such as ABTA and Get Safe Online, we are able to issue alerts about the latest threats they should be aware of. If you believe you have fallen victim to fraud or cyber-crime, please report it to Action Fraud," it adds. ABTA says it is trying to combat the issue by running public awareness campaigns. "It's a growing problem and people can't stop fraudsters being dishonest," says Tipton. "They're still going to do it. It's not impossible to stop but as it's internet-based it's harder to pursue." H) Nick Cooper, the founder and co-owner of villa booking company Villa Plus, estimates his company has uncovered more than 200 fake villa websites over the past two years, and doesn't believe enough is being done. "It is hopeless to report fake villa websites to the internet giants who host them," he says. "I found it impossible to speak to anyone. Also, once one bank account gets reported, they simply use another." I) For now the only way to stop fraudsters appears ultimately to lie in the hands of the consumer. "When people book their holidays they get so emotionally involved, and when they find that villa at a good price with availability in peak season, they are an easy target," says Cooper. "The public has to learn to be far more aware they are a target for these sort of frauds." But it's not just the financial cost. "A family will turn up at a villa and find out it doesn't exist or the owner doesn't know who you are," says Tipton. "The problem then is you have to find accommodation at short notice. It can be incredibly expensive but it's the emotional cost, too." J) Carla O'Shaughnessy from Sydenham was searching last year for a good deal to book a villa in Majorca for a summer break for the family. "I was comparing prices online and found one that came in a bit cheaper than others," says O'Shaughnessy. She emailed the company via its website, asking how far the villa was from the airport and about local restaurants. "They came back with believable answers; it was all very friendly and professional," she says. Happy with the responses, O'Shaughnessy paid the full amount of £3,000 via bank transfer into the travel agent's account and then forgot about it until a month before the booking. K) "I tried logging on to the website and couldn't," she recalls. "I Googled the agent's name and there were lots of complaints about him being a fraudster. If only I'd Googled before but I never thought of it." Although she found another villa in time for their holiday, she admits she was much more cautious. "I paid through a secure third-party site and had phone conversations with the agent. But I wasn't able to relax until we turned up and I had the keys."【缺少答案，请补充】