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Leonardo: The Real Story A) Early years Leonardo was born near the Tuscan hill-town of Vinci. An illegitimate child, he was raised by his paternal grandfather. His father had a flourishing legal practice in the city of Florence, where Leonardo received his early artistic training with the sculptor Andrea Verrocchio. B) Verrocchio's workshop undertook a wide range of commissions including sculpture and decorative metalwork as well as paintings. Leonardo went on to be not only a painter and sculptor but also an architect, designer, theorist, engineer and scientist. Leonardo da Vinci created some of the most famous images in European art. Though many of his works were never finished, and even fewer have survived, he influenced generations of artists. But he didn't enjoy an easy start. C) Frustrated in Florence By 1472, Leonardo had joined the brotherhood of Florentine artists, the Compagnia di San Luca. He worked in Florence for the next 10 years, but few paintings survive. He made numerous drawings, however, which revealed his growing interest in other disciplines, including geometry, anatomy and engineering. D) By 1483, Leonardo felt stifled and decided that Milan would offer more exciting opportunities. He wrote to the ruling family, the Sforzas, asking for employment primarily on the grounds that he was an expert in military engineering. He mentioned his skill in painting and sculpture as an added bonus. E) Soon after his move to Milan, a confraternity commissioned an altarpiece (祭坛装饰), and Leonardo created The Virgin of the Rocks. When the confraternity refused to give what he considered a fair price for the painting, he sold it to someone else in disgust and it was some years before the confraternity could persuade him to do a second version the one that now hangs in the National Gallery. F) The Notebooks Leonardo kept notebooks of his research into science, biology, anatomy, engineering and art. He was particularly keen on flying machines, and came up with a design for a type of helicopter, although it was never built. The books were filled with drawings and diagrams, and covered with notes written in mirror handwriting. He kept them for the rest of his life. G) Leonardo's major artistic achievement at this time was his depiction of The Last Supper, which he painted for the wall of the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. The Last Supper perfectly illustrates Leonardo's belief that poses, gestures and facial expressions should reflect the "motions of the mind". H) Milan, Rome and France In 1499 the French army invaded Milan and Leonardo returned to Florence. He was fascinated by the mystery of the face and by the possibility of reading the "motions of the soul" through facial expressions and gesture. Leonardo's portrait of the wife of a Florentine official, known as the Mona Lisa, is famous for its sitter's enigmatic expression. I) Leonardo soon tired of Florence however, and by the summer of 1508 he was back in Milan, working for the French rulers of the city. He began work on a series of compositions of the Virgin and Child, before beginning a painting, he would work out his composition in a drawing. The National Gallery's Burlington House Cartoon is a preparatory work for a painting now in the Louvre, Paris. J) Leonardo's second stay in Milan lasted until 1513 and was followed by three years in Rome. At some point during this period he was brought to the attention of the French king and was offered employment as "first painter and engineer" at the royal court. Leonardo accepted the offer and in 1517 he moved to the Chateau of Cloux, near Amboise, where he spent the rest of his life. K) Final years Towards the end of his life, Leonardo was plagued by ill-health - a stroke left him paralysed down the right side of his body. Despite this, his notebooks reveal that he was surprisingly active, though it is likely that his assistants carried out most of the physical work. However, his mood deteriorated and he is thought to have been dogged by a persistent and overwhelming sense of pessimism. L) He became increasingly obsessed with his experiments and scientific projects. These interfered with his artistic commissions and he became even more notorious for not finishing anything. He completed so few works in his lifetime that a whole industry sprang up around the search for "real Leonardos" with many pastiches and copies being paraded as originals. M) In April 1519 Leonardo, now 67, drew up his will. He left most of his works to his adored pupil and companion, Francesco Melzi. He died later that year and was buried in Amboise.【缺少答案，请补充】
A painting on the refectory wall in Milan was a living illustration of his belief.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】
Leonardo applied for a job in Milan after his frustrating experiences in Florence.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】
Many fake works emerged as Leonardo left so few works in his lifetime.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】
Many of Leonardo's works have not been preserved and passed down to today.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】
A well-known painting reveals the mysterious expression of its sitter.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】
Leonardo died months after he drafted his will.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】
There was a conflict between Leonardo and a confraternity over one of his works.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】
Leonardo suffered serious illness in his late years but kept active in his work.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】
Leonardo's interests in various fields are reflected in his drawings.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】
A flying machine was once designed but never made.【仅支持A-H选项，选项超出支持范围】
The Magazine A) The magazine as a product for leisure reading, enjoyment and information, or, as the gentlemen of the day would have put it "edition", had its origins in England during the early years of the eighteenth century where the innovator was Daniel Defoe, the writer of Robinson Crusoe. The word "magazine" comes from the French ma gasin which originally meant a storehouse, an apt term since the first printed magazines were holdings for a miscellany of writings on various subjects. Defoe titled his magazine The Review, which, five years after the first issue, was followed by two other now famous magazines The Tatler and The Spectator, both publications founded by the same partner-writers Richard Steele and Joseph Addison. B) As for Australian popular magazines, initially, during the founding days of the colonies, readers at the time depended on the slow sailing ships from "home" to bring them, among the other necessary items, newspapers and journals. It was not until 1855 that Australia produced its own, and first popular magazine. This was the highly successful Melbourne Punch, which had a life span reaching into the first quarter of the twentieth century. C) Popular illustrated magazines rapidly became an important and significant factor to the literate in Australia, who were forming our national image, as were the singers of ballads and strolling entertainments who were also making a major contribution. Out of this background the now famous old Bulletin emerged in 1880. From the start The Bulletin attracted a lot of writers and artists: it succeeded in making the names and reputations of Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson, Steele Rudd and scores of others. It created a new, unique school of black-and-white art which, for instance, gave Phil May his big chance and eventual world recognition. In the influence of The Bulletin was such that this era of the legendary "mateship" is regarded as the source of our national culture. From this Australian pre-Federation era a number of fascinating magazines were not only founded, but many were originated and owned by distinguished writers of the day. These included the writers Henry Kendall, Marcus Clarke, Rolf Boldrewood, Randolph Bedford, Edward Dyson, Norman Lindsay and C. J. Dennis among others. D) As they were developed, technical advances were promptly exploited, the most sensational being the development of photo-process engraving which allowed, for the first time, the reproduction of "half-tone" photographs. This ingenious method simply required a photograph to be re-photographed through a dotted glass screen on to a metal sheet where, after an acid bath, the tones are simulated by a pattern of minute, raised dots varying in size. When inked, the metal sheet is ready for reproducing a facsimile photograph made of tiny dots. Previously, a scene or an event was drawn in reverse, or back to front, by an artist onto a prepared block of wood. This was then given to an engraver who, with a variety of delicate cutting tools, would gouge away areas of the drawing leaving a raised surface which, when inked and pressure applied would give a black and white impression of the image. And for the first time too photo-engraving enabled an artist to draw a cartoon, for instance, in any manner or style he chose and the printed result, which could now be enlarged or reduced in size, would be accurate in every detail just as it was drawn. Other not so significant technical developments have been high-speed printing presses, simultaneous multi-colour printing, and certain electronic "scanner" equipment for preparing colour illustrations. E) By and large contemporary Australian magazines today do not differ greatly in content from those of the last century. There are some new directions: the high political content of The Bulletin for instance, reflects an awareness that Australia is increasingly being drawn into the wider international community - the features and articles about "Big Business", home and overseas reflect this appreciation. F) While some one-time popular and very successful magazines - Pix and the original People for example - have not survived the years following World War II into the 1980s, the long running Australasian Post has managed not only to survive for 120 years (with a slight name change in 1946) but the magazine has been, for quite some time now, heading the list of the largest circulation for an Australian magazine of its kind. A large part of this success has resulted from a conscious editorial policy of an emphasis on Australians. Other contemporary magazines like the Australian Penthouse and Playboy, Cleo and Cosmopolitan - there are others - have no policy to pursue national identity, but rather to embrace an international quality or, in the case of Penthouse, some other point of interest. G) Today, at a time of renewed national assessment, publications of the past that may have seemed inconsequential assume fresh importance as a source for the broad study of our culture. The changes in social behaviour, tastes, attitudes, fashion and manners which they reflect have become a large part of our conception of ourselves.【缺少答案，请补充】
Though the content of Australian magazines has not changed much over time, it has taken some new international directions.
Some eminent writers were among the owners of many magazines before Australia became a federation.
The first popular magazine in Australia existed for around 60 years.
The success of the largest circulation magazine in Australia could be attributed to its pursuit of national identity.
It is no longer necessary to draw a scene or an event first in reverse with the development of photo-engraving technology.
The Australians got news from England by ship during the founding days of the colonies.
The study of a national culture entails that of the changes reflected in publications.
The magazine published in Australia from 1880 was influential in shaping Australian culture and politics.
Daniel Defoe, an English writer, brought the first magazine into the world.
The advances in technology facilitate the development of magazines.
Though the content of Australian magazines has not changed much over time, it has taken some new international directions.
Some eminent writers were among the owners of many magazines before Australia became a federation.
The first popular magazine in Australia existed for around 60 years.
The success of the largest circulation magazine in Australia could be attributed to its pursuit of national identity.
It is no longer necessary to draw a scene or an event first in reverse with the development of photo-engraving technology.
The Australians got news from England by ship during the founding days of the colonies.
The study of a national culture entails that of the changes reflected in publications.【试题选项缺失，请补充】
The magazine published in Australia from 1880 was influential in shaping Australian culture and politics.
Daniel Defoe, an English writer, brought the first magazine into the world.
The advances in technology facilitate the development of magazines.
To Win at Marriage, Learn to Lose Having been married for more than 40 years, I can attest to the truth of the following statement: to excel in the art of domestic argument, one must master the art of losing. One day shortly after my wife and I were married, we set about picking new living-room wallpaper from a book of samples. My taste and hers were at odds. I like this one, she said. That looks like a section of a diseased liver. How can you say that? This is a classical pattern that goes all the way back to the Venetian. The Venetian were blind. They named blind(盲时窗) after them, remember? I like this one. I wouldn't hang that in hell if I were the devil. As the argument went on, my wife suddenly slammed the book shut. There are over two hundred samples in this book," she declared. "I say we spend our energy finding one that suits us both, instead of bickering over the ones we don't like." And that's how we settled it. Eventually we found a pattern we both liked. The "wallpaper book" became our symbol for settling the myriad issues that arise in marriage. We'll, she'd say when we couldn't agree on furniture or a place to vacation, "There are plenty of samples in the wallpaper book." The issues that people argue over most in marriage, such as how to spend money, often aren't the real ones. The key issue is: who is going to be in control? When I was younger, my need to control arose out of fear, a lack of trust, insecurity. The day I finally realized I didn't need to control my wife, that is, instead, I ought not to control her, that I couldn't control her, and that if I tried to, I would destroy our marriage, was the day our marriage began. What is it we most want from a marriage? To love and be loved. To be happy and secure. To grow, to discover. A love relationship is the garden in which we plant, cultivate and harvest the most precious of crops, our own self, and in which our spouse is provided the same rich soil in which to bloom. We cannot obtain what we want unless our partner also gets what he or she wants. A woman may, for instance, want to go to the symphony. Her husband might hate symphonies. But by spending a few hours listening to music he doesn't care for, he can bring joy to his partner. That's a pretty cheap price to pay for joy, isn't it? But what if a husband wants to go on a fishing trip with friends? Suddenly there aren't a lot of samples in the wallpaper book: his wife either agrees or not. Already you can hear the usual power strategies: "I'll spend my money any way I please," or "How come you're not such a millionaire? Jim's wife is happy that he gets to go." Instead of such strategies, he might try empowering his partner: "Honey, I'd like to go on a fishing trip with the boys. What do you think?" I thought we were going away. "How about this fall? I've always wanted to take a trip with you to see the fall foliage in New England." Good idea. I'll go see my mother while you're fishing. Such a dialogue, as idealistic as it sounds, is born of a marriage of mature adults.【缺少答案，请补充】
When anger is hurled at us, it hurts us. If it was a pistol, I
A successful marriage is a "win-win" relationship where both can harvest love and happiness.
Sometimes you should be sensitive enough to perceive the pain beneath the anger and make no more argument.
Whenever disagreements arise between the author and his wife, they resort to the wallpaper book.
The author began to enjoy his marriage once he decided to stop asserting his control.
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