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1. Most Europeans want small cars. Many Americans prefer large cars. As a result, European auto-makers produce a wide variety of economical, lightweight cars while American auto-makers tend to build bigger, heavier cars. The price of gasoline has much to do with this. Gasoline is expensive in Europe, so Europeans naturally prefer cars that will go a long way on a small amount of fuel. Other reasons also enter into the big or little car decision. Many Old World cities have very narrow, winding streets. In these cities a small car is more practical and easier to handle than a large one.2. Some Americans like powerful engines in their cars. They enjoy having roomy cars that are comfortable for large families and long trips. They are prepared to pay higher operating costs to get these advantages. Other Americans, however, have learned to like the small, nimble cars. Many visitors to Europe during and after World War Two discovered that small cars were fun to drive and easy to park in small spaces. They were delighted to learn how far small cars could go on a few gallons of gasoline.3. In the 1950s, many Americans began buying European cars. In 1957, for the first time, the United States imported more cars than it exporte| The best seller among these imported cars was an old-looking but dependable small car from Germany. Americans promptly nicknamed it “the bug”.4. Today, American car buyers have a wide choic|There are big cars for people who want elbow room, comfort, and power. And there are small cars, mostly imported but some American-made, for people who want easy parking and economical operation.【缺少答案,请补充】
1. We are so used to seeing cars on our streets and our roads that it is strange to think that only a century has passed since the birth of the man who invented the automobile assembly line for mass production in industry.2. On July 30, 1863, Henry Ford was born to a family of farmers in the state of Michigan. Henry loved to make things. Even when he was still a young boy, he could take a watch apart and put it together again. A friend of the family once said, “Every clock in the Ford home trembles when it sees Henry coming!”3. In 1891, Ford left the farm for Detroit. There he was busy designing a startling new machine that would run under its own power and carry people. He called it a “horseless carriage”. In April 1893, the carriage was finally finished. It was not perfect, but it worked! Most people, however, thought this machine would never be anything but a toy. But Ford continued his experiment to make a practical automobile with an engine powered by gasoline. Finally in 1903, he built a car that was light, low to the ground and fast enough to race against other cars powered by steam. He called his automobile the “999” after a famous express train and entered it in a three-mile race. It won, and its record of speed became known around the world. One week after the race, Ford was able to establish the Ford Motor Company.4. Henry Ford, the American industrial genius, died on April 7, 1947, eighty-three years after he had been born into a very different world, and one that his own efforts had done much to change.【缺少答案,请补充】
1. On January 17, 1706, Benjamin Franklin was born on Milk Stress in the town of Boston, Massachusetts. He was the youngest son among the seventeen children of Josiah Franklin, a candle maker. The whole family worked in the little shop, making candles from the fat of sheep.2. Young Franklin did not like the smell of candles and, when no one was watching, often left the shop to go down to the harbor. If his father had allowed it, he would have left Boston and become a sailor. Josiah Franklin grew very angry with this troublesome son. He refused to let him go to sea, but he gave him his choice between making candles and working in the shop of his brother James, a printer. Ben chose printing and signed a paper that required him to work for his brother until he had reached the age of twenty-two.3. Ben was a very good printer. He learned very quickly how to manage the presses and put letters together to make words. He liked the printshop chiefly because by working there he could learn more about books. He became friendly with other boys of his own age who worked for owners of bookstores. These boys often lent him books at night, if he would promise to return them early the next morning before the shops opened. Many times, Ben sat up the whole night reading and studying because he was so eager to learn. Since he had not been able to go to school for very long, he had to be his own teacher.4. James gave his brother a bed and his food, but very little money. However, Ben did save a few pennies to buy books. When he had read these books, he sold them and bought others. When the other printers went out at noon to eat a heavy meal in the restaurant, Ben remained in the printshop eating very little and spending the rest of his lunchtime with a book.【缺少答案,请补充】
1. Different countries have their own social customs. Before one plans to go to a foreign country for a visit, it's necessary for him to know something about the social customs in that country. Otherwise, he will easily get into a situation of embarrassment.2. Hank Gathers said, “Once I had a dinner in a Chinese family. That experience made me at a loss whether to cry or to laugh. During the dinner, the host always pressed more food onto my plate as soon as I had emptied it of the previous helping. I had to eat the food even if I didn’t feel like it, because it is considered bad manners in our country to leave one’s food on the plate. From then on, before I go to any foreign country, I always spend some time studying the social customs so as not to have the same experience.”3. In China, when a person sits at a dinner party, he will very often refuse the offer of food or drink though he is in fact still hungry or thirsty. This might be good manners to Chinese people, but it is definitely not in the West. In the United States, it is impolite to keep asking someone again and again or press something on him. Americans are very direct. If they want something, they will ask for it. If not, they will say, “No, thanks.” They consider it confusing to avoid telling the facts, even if avoiding the truth is done only to be polite. Americans are taught that “Honesty is the best policy.” But in some countries, courtesy might be more important than honesty. That’s where misunderstanding occurs, when people from two different countries meet.【缺少答案,请补充】
1. When Chinese and Western customs associated with dinner invitations are compared, it can easily be seen that there are many differences between the two cultures. This may easily result in problems and misunderstandings for both Chinese and Westerners.2. From the Westerners’ point of view, there are two difficulties associated with eating a Chinese meal. Firstly, Westerners may be unused to using chopsticks, and for reasons of hygiene may feel uncomfortable at everyone eating out of a communal dish with their own chopsticks. Moreover, they may not know what to do with unwanted items such as bones. To keep them in their bowl or dish is impractical, yet to simply place them on the table seems impolite. 3. Perhaps the biggest problem relates to the quantity of food. Most Westerners feel quite overwhelmed by the vast amount of food that is served. When the host continuously offers them more and more, and often actually place it on their own dish, they may not know what to do. According to their Western customs, they should eat everything they are served, yet the quantity is so great at a Chinese meal that this is impossible. Normally they will feel very uncomfortable at leaving anything uneaten, and so may try to refuse the host’s offers. When this has little effect, and they are still given more, they may feel they have no choice but to eat it all. Indigestion is often the result!4. It is often helpful for Westerners if a Chinese host understands these differences. Placing serving spoons on the table and giving the guest their own spoon and fork (as well as chopsticks) is often appreciated, especially if a simple comment is made like “You can use your spoon if you prefer.” It is also helpful if the host does not place too much food on the guest’s plates, and if they say they have had sufficient, to accept their comments. Telling the guests where to put items such as bones may also be appreciated.【缺少答案,请补充】
1. A consumer walks into a store. He stands in front of hundreds of boxes of laundry detergent. He chooses on brand, pays for it, and leaves. Why does he pick that specific kind of soap? Is it truly better than the others? Probably not. These days, many products are nearly identical to each other in quality and price. If products are almost the same, what makes consumers buy one brand instead of another? Although we might not like to admit it, commercials on television and advertisements in magazines probably influence us much more than we think they do.2. Advertising informs consumers about new products available on the market. It gives us information about everything from shampoo to toothpaste to computers and cars. But there is one serious problem with this. The “information” is actually very often “misinformation”. It tells us the products’ benefits but hides their disadvantages.3. Advertisers use many methods to get us to buy their products. One of their most successful methods is to make us feel dissatisfied with ourselves and our imperfects lives. Advertisements show us who we aren’t and what we don’t have. Our teeth aren’t clean enough. Our clothes aren’t clean enough. Advertisements make us afraid that people won’t like us if we don’t use the advertised products.4. Many people believe that advertising does not affect them. They know that there is freedom to choose, and they like to think they make wise choices. Unfortunately, they probably don’t realize the powerful effect of advertising. They may not clearly understand that advertisers spend billions of dollars each year in aggressive competition for our money, and they are extremely successful. Do you believe that ads don’t influence your choice of products? Just look at the brands in your kitchen and bathroom.【缺少答案,请补充】
What does school education mean? Though I have worked as a middle school teacher for years, if find it unfortunate that I still need to ponder this question. I used to think a person would be trained in many aspects of life at school, such as personality, value concepts and morality as well as academic subjects. But what I’ve heard has confused and shocked me: A little schoolboy ended his life, just because he failed to achieve full marks in a test his mother had wanted him to do well in. A potential college student thought he wasn’t going to be admitted by a university and killed himself by jumping off a roof. Ironically an admission notification arrived on his funeral day. These cases are horrific but true. Who is to blame? I’m afraid a few words are not enough in explanation. But one thing we should consider is the so-called test-oriented education system. Many of my colleagues agree that if the teachers of these unfortunate students had taught them how to face failure in exams, they might have avoided their fate. But my colleagues also agreed that they wouldn’t be able to spare the time to offer proper guidance if they met with such cases, for their time is consumed with busily preparing lessons and marking students’ assignments which will help the latter deal with various exams. Moreover, exams have become the top priority of students, parents and teachers. Luckily the issue has begun to draw public attention and some schools have taken pains to change the test-oriented teaching system to a quality-oriented one. The new system has proven successful. But which system will prevail in school education, the test-oriented system or the quality-oriented one? The answer, I think, greatly depends on whether down-to-earth reforms are carried out in our education system, especially regarding examinations.【缺少答案,请补充】
From May to June, the telephone in the office of the principal of Beijing’s No.8 Middle School never stops ringing. This is because parents are trying to get their children into this school out of the belief that it will help them enter famous universities. Principal Gong Zhengxiang’s job is tricky because he cannot possibly satisfy all these parents and the entrance exam scores for his school are too high for many students. But, he explains, if it were possible, he would like to give the opportunity to all applicants. Gong was one of the first middle school principals to push for quality education in Beijing and he has his complaints about the current middle school education situation. “The middle school education system is not balanced and has resulted in a kind of ‘arms race’ in the fight for better scores on the college entrance exam. I strongly suggest that school put a stop to this ‘arm race’ and concentrate on education to improve students’ creativity,” Gong says. But balancing the number of students entering colleges with a quality education is not easy. “Some schools keep adding courses to subjects that make up the bulk of the test and they fill up students’ weekends and winter and summer holidays with additional courses. In this way, students get a head start, but only temporarily,” Gong says. He adds that the final result will be disappointing because the current middle school program does not provide a quality education that targets the students’ development in an all-round way. For decades, satisfactory scores have been the major goal of middle and primary school students and the whole school system was geared to this “education for tests”. Gong points out that “education for tests” does not improve the quality of students. What is important is reforming test content and putting more emphasis on testing the student’s ability.【缺少答案,请补充】
1. The skyscraper is as American as jazz. It is this country’s greatest and most characteristic contribution to the city, to whose skyline it lends rhythm and romance. Like jazz, skyscraper architecture is a popular art. During its golden age, in the 1920’s and 1930’s, the skyscraper became a popular symbol of our national character: a soaring, upward-aspiring image as powerful as a moon rocket. Now, some seventy years after it reached its high point with the generation of the Chrysler and Empire State buildings in New York and the Sears Tower in Chicago and a hundred years after the invention of the steel skeleton that made it possible, skyscraper is undergoing a reassessment.2. In the late 1960’s many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out a cluster of buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.3. Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peek daily demand for electricity by 120,000 kilowatts—enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.4. Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain) through a wall of half-inch plate glass is often ten times more than that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.【缺少答案,请补充】
1. Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money. Because of this, they were known as ‘prizefighters’. However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.2. One of the most colorful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules. Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game. In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike.3. Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old. This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England. He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn. In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned against him. The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight. A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour. The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza but he was defeated. Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time.4. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England. Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils. He earned enormous sum of money and was paid as much as £100 for a single appearance. Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt. After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten. He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.【缺少答案,请补充】
1. People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten. If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy. You would not be able to understand why some people find it repulsive. On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat—the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.2. No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail. Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world. There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food.3. My friend, Robert, lives in a country where snails are despised. As his flat is in a large town, he has no garden of his own. For years he has been asking me to collect snails from my garden and take them to him.4. The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants. Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to Robert. Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift. I left the bag in the hall and Robert and I went into the living room where we talked for a couple of hours. I had forgotten all about the snails when Robert suddenly said that I must stay to dinner. Snails would, of course, be the main dish. I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out of the room. To our dismay, we saw that there were snails everywhere; they had escaped from the paper bag and had taken complete possession of the hall! I have never been able to look at a snail since then.【缺少答案,请补充】
1. No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses.2. Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing. An advertisement which begins with the magic word FREE can rarely go wrong. These days, advertisers not only offer free samples, but free cars, free houses, and free trips round the world as well. They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money. Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.3. During a radio program, a company of biscuit manufacturers once asked listeners to bake biscuits and send them to their factory. They offered to pay $$10 a pound for the biggest biscuit baked by a listener. The response to this competition was tremendous. Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory.4. One lady brought in a biscuit on a wheelbarrow. It weighed nearly 500 pounds. A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied the whole boot of his car. All the biscuits that were sent were carefully weighed. The largest was 713 pounds. It seemed certain that this would win the prize. But just before the competition closed, a lorry arrived at the factory with a truly colossal biscuit which weighed 2,400 pounds. It had been baked by a college student who had used over 1,000 pounds of flour, 800 pounds of sugar, 200 pounds of fat, and 400 pounds of various other ingredients. It was so heavy that a crane had to be used to remove it from the lorry. The manufacturers had to pay more money than they had anticipated, for they bought the biscuit from the student for $$24,000.【缺少答案,请补充】
It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us. There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell. Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passer-by. But real tramps are not beggars. They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others. In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity. A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel sorry for him. He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences. He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people. His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease. By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature than most of us ever do. He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even, in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom. We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?【缺少答案,请补充】
Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbor. Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with colorful rugs from Persia, silks from India, cooper coffee pots, and beautiful handmade silverware. It was difficult not to be tempted. Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen, but I decided not to buy anything until I had disembarked. I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring. I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds. Some of them were as big as marbles. The man went to great lengths to prove that the diamonds were real. As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against the window and made a deep impression in the glass. It took me over half an hour to get rid of him. The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches. I examined one of the pens closely. It certainly looked genuine. At the base of the gold cap, the words ‘made in the U.S.A.’ had been neatly inscribed. The man said that the pen was worth £50, but as a special favor, he would let me have it for £30. I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was willing to pay £5. Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced the price to £10. Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust the pen into my hands. Though he kept throwing up his arms in despair, he readily accepted the £5 I gave him. I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain—until I got back to the ship. No matter how hard I tried, it was impossible to fill this beautiful pen with ink and to this day it has never written a single word!【缺少答案,请补充】
1. Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up. The sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics. A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears. 2. Most funny stories are based on comic situations. In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal. No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin’s early films. However, a new type of humour, which stems largely from the U.S., has recently come into fashion. It is called ‘sick humour’. Comedians base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accidents. Many people find this sort of joke distasteful. The following example of ‘sick homour’ will enable you to judge for yourself. 3. A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas. From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home. He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital. Though the doctor did his best, the patient’s recovery was slow. 4. On Christmas Day, the man still had his right leg in plaster. He spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was missing. The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good. The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year’s Eve he was able to hobble along to a party. To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him. In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated hospitals. He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.【缺少答案,请补充】
1. For years, villagers believed that Endley Farm was haunted. The farm was owned by two brothers, Joe and Bob Cox. They employed a few farmhands, but no one was willing to work there long. Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the same story. Farm laborers said that they always woke up to find that work had been done overnight. Hay had been cut and cowsheds had been cleaned. A farm worker, who stayed up all night, claimed to have seen a figure cutting corn in the moonlight. In time, it became an accepted fact that the Cox brothers employed a conscientious ghost that did most of their work for them. 2. No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen. This was indeed the case. A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the ghost of Endley had died. Everyone went to the funeral, for the ‘ghost’ was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man. After the funeral, Joe and Bob revealed a secret which they had kept for over fifty years. 3. Eric had been the eldest son of the family, very much older than his two brothers. He had been obliged to join the army during the Second World War. As he hated army life, he decided to desert his regiment. When he learnt that he would be sent abroad, he returned to the farm and his father hid him until the end of the war. 4. Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war as well. His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action. The only other people who knew the secret were Joe and Bob. They did not even tell their wives. When their father died, they thought it their duty to keep Eric in hiding. All these years, Eric had lived as a recluse. He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley. When he died, however, his brothers found it impossible to keep the secret any longer.【缺少答案,请补充】
1. Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people. The more expensive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust is usually a forbidding place. But no one has to muster up courage to enter a less pretentious antique shop. There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found among the piles of assorted junk that litter the floors. 2. No one discovers a rarity by chance. A truly dedicated bargain hunter must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the worth of something when he sees it. To do this, he must be at least as knowledgeable as the dealer. Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be amply rewarded. 3. My old friend, Frank Halliday, is just such a person. He has often described to me how he picked up a masterpiece for a mere £50. One Saturday morning, Frank visited an antique shop in my neighbourhood. As he had never been there before, he found a great deal to interest him. The morning passed rapidly and Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packing case lying on the floor. The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it. Frank begged him to do so and the dealer reluctantly prised it open. 4. The contents were disappointing. Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken. Frank gently lifted the crockery out of the box and suddenly noticed a miniature painting at the bottom of the packing case. As its composition and line reminded him of an Italian painting he knew well, he decided to buy it. Glancing at it briefly, the dealer told him that it was worth £50. Frank could hardly conceal his excitement, for he knew that he had made a real discovery. The tiny painting proved to be an unknown masterpiece by Correggio and was worth hundreds of thousands of pounds.【缺少答案,请补充】