The Arabs, however, call their numbers “Indian numerals”. This is probably because they got the original idea a long time ago from India. There were no printed newspapers or scientific magazines then, so mathematics traveled along the same routes that silk did, as businessmen sold and bought goods. The Arabs took the new numbers and made improvements that quickly led to advances in technology.　　

   The achievement of Arabic technology can be seen from a passage in a 10th century book about an Arabic city: “The neighboring country showed the results of careful work in agriculture, trade, and industry. Rice and many other plants were grown in fields with water supplied by Arab engineers. The city included 900 public baths, stone covered streets, fountains, and beautiful buildings.” At this time, London was a small town with dirty streets, and Berlin was a farming village. In fact, cities outside the Arab world did not reach the same level of social development until centuries later.

1.This passage tells us that the Arabs were the people________.　　

Nurses play a critical role in patient education, particularly in managing chronic diseases like diabetes. A key responsibility is teaching patients how to monitor blood glucose levels. This involves demonstrating the use of glucometers, explaining target ranges, and emphasizing the importance of regular testing. Additionally, nurses must address potential complications, such as hypoglycemia symptoms (e.g., sweating, dizziness) and hyperglycemia risks. Effective communication ensures patients adhere to personalized care plans and make informed lifestyle choices.

Questions:

1. What is the main focus of the passage?

In the past few years, there has been a significant increase in the number of people suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. This trend has been attributed to a variety of factors, including changes in lifestyle, diet, and environmental factors. One of the most significant factors contributing to this rise in chronic diseases is the increasing prevalence of obesity.

Obesity is a complex condition that is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. It is characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat, which can have serious health implications. Obesity is not only a risk factor for chronic diseases but also a significant contributor to the global burden of disease.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified obesity as one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide. It is estimated that obesity accounts for approximately 2.8 million deaths each year, which is more than the number of deaths caused by malnutrition or hunger.

Efforts to combat obesity have been made on various fronts. Public health campaigns aim to educate people about the importance of a healthy diet and regular physical activity. Additionally, governments and organizations are working together to create policies that promote healthy lifestyles and reduce the prevalence of obesity.

1. What is the main cause of the rise in chronic diseases?

Mental health has become a significant concern in recent years, with an increasing number of people experiencing stress, anxiety, and depression. The impact of mental health issues on individuals and society is substantial, leading to reduced productivity, increased healthcare costs, and a decline in overall quality of life.

One of the primary factors contributing to the rise in mental health issues is the fast-paced nature of modern life. The constant pressure to perform and achieve can lead to chronic stress, which in turn can result in mental health disorders. Additionally, the widespread use of social media has been linked to increased feelings of inadequacy and loneliness, exacerbating mental health problems.

To address the growing concern of mental health, various interventions have been proposed. These include increasing access to mental health services, promoting mental health awareness, and encouraging self-care practices. It is crucial that individuals take responsibility for their mental well-being and seek help when needed.

1. What is the impact of mental health issues on society?

There is plenty we don't know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unreported so it I hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.

　　Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones.It turns out both are

important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) , which breaks down eurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression.

　　Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this "double whammy" of predisposition and an unfortunate upbringing are likely to show signs of what's to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality-attention deficit hyperactivity

disorder, low IQ, language difficulties-can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, shouldn't we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk?

　　No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringing, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in

both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care.

　　Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes "set" as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us.Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene-in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime-is bound to be greater than the cost of improving

parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable.

　　61. It seems that researchers try to explain violent behavior ______.

mean that ______.

of antisocial and criminal behavior?