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1. A. apply B. supposed C. accurate D. consume E. existing F. maintain G. options H. nature I. sensitive J. address K. willingness L.destroy

A recent troubling study showed that "fake news" spread significantly faster, deeper and more broadly than the truth, and the effect is even more remarkable when regarding news as opposed to reporting on natural disasters, finance or science. So how can we encourage individuals to seek _______ online content? Leading scholars are trying hard to deal with this question.

Processing new information requires a considerable mental effort, especially when that information seems to conflict with your _______ worldview. It takes the _______ to admit you may be wrong. But with a great amount of conflicting information available, who's to say what's actually true and what's false? If you can't tell, why not just make life easy and go with what supports your current beliefs?

So what _______ do we have? Many suggest that we can _______ the issue by reforming adult behavior, but this is aiming too far from source. An alternative solution is using early education to help individuals recognize these problems and _______ critical thinking to the information they deal with. Currently, there is a push in the US to include Internet information classes into primary and secondary school curriculums. The movement, which has received some support, aims to make fact - checking seem like second _______ to individuals at an early age.

Primary and secondary school are _______ to be supplying students with the skills they need to develop into productive and informed members of our society. As our society develops, the curriculum we are teaching our students needs to develop as well.

The Internet is an amazing tool, but to use it most effectively we have to accept its benefits while also understanding the ways in which it makes us dangerously _______. If students are still learning the practices such as writing in school, shouldn't they be learning how to _______ the Internet responsibly as well?

Life isn't easy for families of children with special needs. Faced with responsibility of a family member requiring extra attention and care, many families feel lonely, _______ and hopeless. In many cases, the families feel a sense of _______ because their children are not "perfect". But Taiwan Sunshine wants to change that. Founded in 2009, Taiwan Sunshine believes that all children have characteristic value, and by supporting the families who care for children with special needs, it can change the_______ understanding. In doing so, it hopes to help these children become useful members of society. The Taipei - based, non - profit organization seeks to _______ these goals in three ways. First, it offers in - school programs, often centered on events like Christmas. Second, it develops conferences for use in schools, churches and other organizations. These conferences raise_______ of the issues that families with special - needs children face and encourage organizations to develop programs to support these families. Third, Taiwan Sunshine works with other groups to put together and _______ the "I Am a Hero Games." During the games, children compete in different _______ activities, such as the ball throw and running race. When children aren't _______, they enjoy other activities, such as playing with dogs from a local therapy program. Each game includes a prize - awarding ceremony in which all the children are formally_______ with medals to celebrate their accomplishments. Through _______ like the Hero Games, Taiwan Sunshine is working hard to meet the needs of families with special - needs children.

Have you ever looked at someone else's life with envy, just enough envy that you wish for a moment or two (or longer) that you could be them? Are there moments when, if the opportunity to be them were on ________, you might be tempted by it? Would we really want this? And what might we learn about ourselves or how we see our lives if we ________ considered it? To be sure, there are ________ here. If you had someone else's life, who would raise your children or love your spouse or take care of your parents in their old age? In fact, if you were someone else your own children would not have come into existence in the first place. That's not a happy thought. To ________ this, perhaps the best way to cast this is in terms of a trade: If you had their life then they would have yours, and live it exactly as you would have. Your responsibilities would be ________, so there would be nothing to feel guilty about. If we think of it this way, then the question of wanting to be someone else is a question of what we might call experience: Is there anybody else whose experience of life you would prefer, ________ everything else would be equal? One ________ concern about wanting someone else's experience is that my desire to be someone else is grounded in values and desires that I have, and so I have to be me in order to want to be him. However, it's not clear that that presents any real obstacle to such a desire. The fact is that there would be at least enough overlap (重叠)with them that they are exemplifying my values and desires but have a better experience than I do. So I can still prefer to be them. I think that, on reflection, most of us would not want to ________ with another person, no matter how successful or tempting their lives seem. To see why, though, we'll need to ________ our angle of vision. We will have to look at our own experiences rather than at theirs, or perhaps look at our experiences first. What would I be willing to give up to be another? My relationships with everyone — children, spouse, friends —and my whole history. I wouldn't have ________ it. My loss would be that of the whole of my own experience.

The Correct Answer to the Question The usual answer to the greeting "How are you?" is generally "Not too bad." Why? Because it's all - purpose. Whatever the circumstances, whatever the conditions, "Not too bad" will get you through. On an average day it ________ a confusing modesty. In good times it implies a decent pessimism (悲观), a kind of ________ to express oneself. And when things are rough, really rough and annoying, it becomes a heroic ________, as if everything goes well. Best of all, it gently prevents further inquiry with all three syllables (音节) equally ________, because it is basically meaningless. Americans are small - talk artists. They have to be. This is a wild country. The weakest agreement ________ one person to the next. So the "Have a nice day", the "Hot enough for you", and the "How about those guys" serve a vital purpose. Without these little commonly - used phrases and the ________ social contract that they represent, to calm people, the streets would be a free - for - all exhibition of disaster. But that's the negative view. Some of my happiest interactions with other human beings have been glancing moments of small talks. It's an extraordinary thing. A person stands before you, a complete stranger, and the best everyday small talk can have his or her soul ________ in front of your eyes. I was out walking the other day when a UPS truck pulled to the side of the road. As the driver leaped from his cab to make a ________, I heard relaxing music coming out of the truck's speakers -- a kind of familiar and weightless blues music, and it's my favorite tune. "China Cat Sunflower?" I said to the UPS guy as he rushed back to his truck. He ________ showed a huge smile, "You got it, babe!" The exchange of feelings, the perfect understanding, the simplest small talk that emerged between us, was completely ________.

Eco - tourism involves people travelling to beautiful but environmental sensitive place. Such trips are usually carried out with a(n) ______ guide. Over recent years this type of travel has been steadily gaining ______ as more people search for new travel experiences. It is obvious that eco - tourism is beneficial in many aspects. First, all the money spent by the tourists is used to ______ the important environmental spots they visit. Second, it helps visitors to better understand the environment, which is sure to ______ their knowledge of the world. Furthermore, this style of travel is also more ______ of the local culture. Compared to normal tourists, eco - tourist use energy more ______, save water and produce less rubbish by finding ways to recycle it. These behaviors have a(n) ______ and lasting effect on the local environment. Two things are needed to make eco - tourism a success. First, it should be done in small groups. And second, because it requires ______ effort, both eco - tourists and locals must be sincere in their devotion to improving the environment. Green travel provides local people with jobs in parks, hotels and shops. One great achievement of eco - tourism has been the ______ of illegal hunting. Former hunters can now work as guides to help keep the animals safe in their natural surroundings. Peru is one country using eco - tourism to promote respect for the environment. It's not able to take better care of its rainforests because of ______ on more sustainable travel. In addition to this, local people's living - standards have improved. Many others are now following Peru's example and using eco - tourism to preserve their environment for the future generations.

The Danger of Sharenting For the vast majority of people, checking social media involves a mix of expectation and curiosity. The app feeds on a collective _______ that we are missing out on something, whether it's a fabulous party, a pop-up sale, or the mere concept of vacation. But the same dynamic doesn't quite _______ to parents sharing pictures of their young children online. There certainly may be an element of proud boasting: "Admire my little son's taste in jazz," etc. But these carefully chosen photos often do little more than help parents escape from a harsh day _______. The isolation of parenthood delivers one to strange places, and you need your tribe. Sharing images on social media makes the experience _______, connecting one to a larger world. In his new book Why We Should Think Before We Talk About Our Kids Online, Leah Plunkett, a Harvard psychology professor, argues that "sharenting" happens when an adult transmits private details about a child via digital channels. It _______ a child's entry into "digital life." Studies estimate that by 2030 nearly two-thirds of identity-fraud cases affecting today's children will have been caused by sharenting. For Plunkett, there are a couple of reasons to be concerned about sharenting. On a philosophical level, sharenting exposes children to the larger digital world without their permission, _______ them of a kind of privacy. This feeds into Plunkett's second, much broader concern. The _______ problem with sharenting is the same with many adult - world privacy issues: the bargain we have made in exchange for these services is that we surrender our data and choose not to imagine the worst - case scenarios. Could things that parents post about children produce real - world _______, in terms of bullying, professional reputation, or future prospects? Today, long before children take their first step, their digital data already travels to "thousands, likely tens of thousands, of human and machine users." How long will it be until someone _______ the power to predict who a child will become as an adult based on these data points? Plunkett's concerns made parents reconsider their choices. In the end, Plunkett's advice is to "make more mindful choices" about digital lives though parenthood is often so _______ vague that mindfulness seems impossible. [填空题]*

Change Behavior to Prevent Infection During flu season, frequent hand - washing is a must, as is avoiding co - workers or friends who are sick. But we humans are not the only animals that change behavior to keep diseases at _______, and so do ants. Nathalie of the University of Lausanne and her colleagues observed ants to see their _______ to the presence of a pathogen (病原体). "With the nurses staying inside and taking care of the young, the worker ants are all outside of the nest to collect food and defend the territory." Worker ants are at greater risk of getting _______ to diseases because they leave the safety of the nest. So the researchers _______ a common fungus (真菌) on a small group of worker ants and then followed their movements to see the way other ants reacted. "We marked all ants in the colony with individual labels, which is_______ detected and recorded using a tracking system." After the infection, the nurse and worker ants stayed within their small group and _______ less outside of their work group. The researchers also saw that worker ants spent more time outside of the nest. "They increase that amount by 15 percent so by quite a long large amount." The researchers measured the amount of fungus on each ant and saw that it was almost completely _______ to the worker group. Some nurse ants and the Queen only had trace amounts of fungus' spores (孢子) on them. The study indicated that the group behavior effectively stopped the _______ of the fungus. Something that's quite interesting in these ants is that the very small amount of the spores can_______ their natural defenses and protect them against later exposure to the same pathogen. It seems that in their ability to avoid infecting other members of the community, ants may be more _______ than we are. [填空题]*

During flu season, frequent hand - washing is a must, as is avoiding co - workers or friends who are sick. But we humans are not the only animals that change behavior to keep diseases at _______, and so do ants. Nathalie of the University of Lausanne and her colleagues observed ants to see their _______ to the presence of a pathogen (病原体). "With the nurses staying inside and taking care of the young, the worker ants are all outside of the nest to collect food and defend the territory." Worker ants are at greater risk of getting _______ to diseases because they leave the safety of the nest. So the researchers _______ a common fungus (真菌) on a small group of worker ants and then followed their movements to see the way other ants reacted. "We marked all ants in the colony with individual labels, which is_______detected and recorded using a tracking system." After the infection, the nurse and worker ants stayed within their small group and _______ less outside of their work group. The researchers also saw that worker ants spent more time outside of the nest. "They increase that amount by 15 percent so by quite a long large amount." The researchers measured the amount of fungus on each ant and saw that it was almost completely _______ to the worker group. Some nurse ants and the Queen only had trace amounts of fungus' spores (孢子) on them. The study indicated that the group behavior effectively stopped the _______ of the fungus. Something that's quite interesting in these ants is that the very small amount of the spores can_______their natural defenses and protect them against later exposure to the same pathogen. It seems that in their ability to avoid infecting other members of the community, ants may be more _______than we are.

According to psychologist Katherine Phillip, children don't benefit from ______praise as much as we'd like to think. "Parents often praise, believing they are building their child's self - confidence. However, over - praising can have a ______ effect," says Phillip. "When we use the same praise______, it may become empty and no longer valued by the child. It can also become an expectation that anything they do must be ______ with praise. This may lead to the child avoiding taking risks due to fear of ______their parents." Does this mean we should do away with all the praise? Phillip says no. "The key to healthy praise is to focus on the process rather than the______. It is the recognition of a child's attempt, or the process in which they achieved something, that is essential," she says. "Parents should encourage their child to take the risks needed to learn and grow." So how do we break the______of praise we're all so accustomed to? Phillip says it's important to______between "person praise" and "process raise". "Person praise is ______ saying how great someone is. It's a form of personal approval. Process praise s acknowledgement of the efforts the person has just ______. Children who receive person praise are more likely to feel shame after losing," says Phillip.

After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good news to report: The damage and death toll(死亡人数) could have been much worse. More than 60 people died in this earthquake. By comparison, and earthquake of similar ______ that shook America in 1998 claimed 25,000 victims. Injuries and deaths were ______ less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. On a holiday, when traffic was light on the city's highway. In addition, ______ made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city's buildings and highways, making them more ______ to quakes. In the past, making structures quake - resist - ant meant firm yet ______ materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to ______ the impact of ground vibrations. The most ______ designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports, called smart buildings, the structures respond like living organisms to an earthquake's vibrations. When ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would ______ the building to shift in the opposite direction. The new designs should offer even greater ______ to cities where earthquakes ofen take place. The new smart structures could be very ______ to build. However, they would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.

Finally, some good news about airplane travel. If you are on a plane with a sick passenger, you are unlikely to get sick. That is the ______of a new study that looked at how respiratory(呼吸道) viruses ______on airplanes. Researchers found that only people who were seated in the same row as a passenger with the flu, for example ---- or one row in front of or behind that individual ---- had a high risk of catching the illness. All other passengers had only a very ______ chance of getting sick, according to the findings. Media reports have not necessarily presented ______ information about the risk of getting infected on an airplane in the past. Therefore, these new findings should help airplane passengers to feel less ______ to catching respiratory infections while traveling by air. Prior to the new study, little was known about the risks of getting ______infected by common respiratory viruses, such as the flu or common cold, on an airplane, the researchers said. So, to ______the risks of infection, the study team flew on 10 different ______ in the U.S. during the flu season. The researchers found that passengers sitting within two seats on ______side of a person infected with the flu, as well as those sitting one row in front of or behind this individual, had about an 80 percent chance of getting sick. But other passengers were ______safe from infection. They had a less than 3 percent chance of catching the flu.