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Generation Z is the first generation to be born into the Internet era and grow up completely immersed in technology. However, they are more than simply comfortable with data and technology. Instead, they consider data and technology as an immutable part of life itself, rather than tools or means to improve or impact the physical world, or merely something to be deployed to manage life. And, they feel at ease to exchange data on who they are and what they do – even how they feel, as well as other intimate aspects of their personal lives, if they believe what they get in return is of value to them.


Generation Z is more likely than the generations preceding them to use technology for real-time monitoring of behavior and to help track their habits – including what they eat, how they sleep, and how they manage their finances and maintain their well-being. Over 40 percent of Generation Z use wearable technology to track their physical and emotional well-being and then use that data to help make health decisions.


Generation Z uses the Internet, social media, and data and technology to help create healthier, happier lives for themselves, as well as to effect positive social change in the world. Their use of data and technology is radically transforming how we approach some of the central pillars of a rich, happy, and rewarding life – work, social interaction, entertainment, creativity, and health and well-being.


Increasingly we are turning to the ambitions and competencies of Generation Z in the development of technologies for the world to transition to a more sustainable way of living and to ensure the well-being of current and future populations. It is through the use of data and technology that Generation Z in particular can break through the boundaries of self-care and at the same time help welfare providers to afford better health outcomes. Arguably, perhaps one of the least obvious benefits of Generation Z's data and technology-focused approach to engaging the world may be its power to spread ideas and inspire action when combined with effective storytelling. And when we think about, for example, what the future of health and well-being looks like, it is increasingly one that is being made in the image of the beliefs and digital behaviors of Generation Z.

1. What does Generation Z think of data and technology?

Generation Z is the first generation to be born into the Internet era and grow up completely immersed in technology. However, they are more than simply comfortable with data and technology. Instead, they consider data and technology as an immutable part of life itself, rather than tools or means to improve or impact the physical world, or merely something to be deployed to manage life. And, they feel at ease to exchange data on who they are and what they do – even how they feel, as well as other intimate aspects of their personal lives, if they believe what they get in return is of value to them.


Generation Z is more likely than the generations preceding them to use technology for real-time monitoring of behavior and to help track their habits – including what they eat, how they sleep, and how they manage their finances and maintain their well-being. Over 40 percent of Generation Z use wearable technology to track their physical and emotional well-being and then use that data to help make health decisions.


Generation Z uses the Internet, social media, and data and technology to help create healthier, happier lives for themselves, as well as to effect positive social change in the world. Their use of data and technology is radically transforming how we approach some of the central pillars of a rich, happy, and rewarding life – work, social interaction, entertainment, creativity, and health and well-being.


Increasingly we are turning to the ambitions and competencies of Generation Z in the development of technologies for the world to transition to a more sustainable way of living and to ensure the well-being of current and future populations. It is through the use of data and technology that Generation Z in particular can break through the boundaries of self-care and at the same time help welfare providers to afford better health outcomes. Arguably, perhaps one of the least obvious benefits of Generation Z's data and technology-focused approach to engaging the world may be its power to spread ideas and inspire action when combined with effective storytelling. And when we think about, for example, what the future of health and well-being looks like, it is increasingly one that is being made in the image of the beliefs and digital behaviors of Generation Z.

2. What is the difference between Generation Z and the previous generations?

Generation Z is the first generation to be born into the Internet era and grow up completely immersed in technology. However, they are more than simply comfortable with data and technology. Instead, they consider data and technology as an immutable part of life itself, rather than tools or means to improve or impact the physical world, or merely something to be deployed to manage life. And, they feel at ease to exchange data on who they are and what they do – even how they feel, as well as other intimate aspects of their personal lives, if they believe what they get in return is of value to them.


Generation Z is more likely than the generations preceding them to use technology for real-time monitoring of behavior and to help track their habits – including what they eat, how they sleep, and how they manage their finances and maintain their well-being. Over 40 percent of Generation Z use wearable technology to track their physical and emotional well-being and then use that data to help make health decisions.


Generation Z uses the Internet, social media, and data and technology to help create healthier, happier lives for themselves, as well as to effect positive social change in the world. Their use of data and technology is radically transforming how we approach some of the central pillars of a rich, happy, and rewarding life – work, social interaction, entertainment, creativity, and health and well-being.


Increasingly we are turning to the ambitions and competencies of Generation Z in the development of technologies for the world to transition to a more sustainable way of living and to ensure the well-being of current and future populations. It is through the use of data and technology that Generation Z in particular can break through the boundaries of self-care and at the same time help welfare providers to afford better health outcomes. Arguably, perhaps one of the least obvious benefits of Generation Z's data and technology-focused approach to engaging the world may be its power to spread ideas and inspire action when combined with effective storytelling. And when we think about, for example, what the future of health and well-being looks like, it is increasingly one that is being made in the image of the beliefs and digital behaviors of Generation Z.

3.How does the author describe Generation Z's use of data and technology?

Generation Z is the first generation to be born into the Internet era and grow up completely immersed in technology. However, they are more than simply comfortable with data and technology. Instead, they consider data and technology as an immutable part of life itself, rather than tools or means to improve or impact the physical world, or merely something to be deployed to manage life. And, they feel at ease to exchange data on who they are and what they do – even how they feel, as well as other intimate aspects of their personal lives, if they believe what they get in return is of value to them.


Generation Z is more likely than the generations preceding them to use technology for real-time monitoring of behavior and to help track their habits – including what they eat, how they sleep, and how they manage their finances and maintain their well-being. Over 40 percent of Generation Z use wearable technology to track their physical and emotional well-being and then use that data to help make health decisions.


Generation Z uses the Internet, social media, and data and technology to help create healthier, happier lives for themselves, as well as to effect positive social change in the world. Their use of data and technology is radically transforming how we approach some of the central pillars of a rich, happy, and rewarding life – work, social interaction, entertainment, creativity, and health and well-being.


Increasingly we are turning to the ambitions and competencies of Generation Z in the development of technologies for the world to transition to a more sustainable way of living and to ensure the well-being of current and future populations. It is through the use of data and technology that Generation Z in particular can break through the boundaries of self-care and at the same time help welfare providers to afford better health outcomes. Arguably, perhaps one of the least obvious benefits of Generation Z's data and technology-focused approach to engaging the world may be its power to spread ideas and inspire action when combined with effective storytelling. And when we think about, for example, what the future of health and well-being looks like, it is increasingly one that is being made in the image of the beliefs and digital behaviors of Generation Z.

4. What is one of the least obvious benefits of Generation Z's data and technology-focused approach, according to the author?

Generation Z is the first generation to be born into the Internet era and grow up completely immersed in technology. However, they are more than simply comfortable with data and technology. Instead, they consider data and technology as an immutable part of life itself, rather than tools or means to improve or impact the physical world, or merely something to be deployed to manage life. And, they feel at ease to exchange data on who they are and what they do – even how they feel, as well as other intimate aspects of their personal lives, if they believe what they get in return is of value to them.


Generation Z is more likely than the generations preceding them to use technology for real-time monitoring of behavior and to help track their habits – including what they eat, how they sleep, and how they manage their finances and maintain their well-being. Over 40 percent of Generation Z use wearable technology to track their physical and emotional well-being and then use that data to help make health decisions.


Generation Z uses the Internet, social media, and data and technology to help create healthier, happier lives for themselves, as well as to effect positive social change in the world. Their use of data and technology is radically transforming how we approach some of the central pillars of a rich, happy, and rewarding life – work, social interaction, entertainment, creativity, and health and well-being.


Increasingly we are turning to the ambitions and competencies of Generation Z in the development of technologies for the world to transition to a more sustainable way of living and to ensure the well-being of current and future populations. It is through the use of data and technology that Generation Z in particular can break through the boundaries of self-care and at the same time help welfare providers to afford better health outcomes. Arguably, perhaps one of the least obvious benefits of Generation Z's data and technology-focused approach to engaging the world may be its power to spread ideas and inspire action when combined with effective storytelling. And when we think about, for example, what the future of health and well-being looks like, it is increasingly one that is being made in the image of the beliefs and digital behaviors of Generation Z.

5. What can we learn about Generation Z from the passage?

Digital technologies are reshaping China's traditional catering industry, as large catering enterprises are increasingly investing in digitalization and small and medium-sized companies ramp up efforts in digital transformation, a recent report said.


The report mentioned that no matter which type of business mode, or what kind of cuisine, the driving force for the rapid growth of catering chain stores is digital transformation. The digitalization trend in the catering industry is gaining momentum (势头). And it is indeed necessary for catering entrepreneurs to spend more time considering it.


Data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China showed that China's catering industry totaled nearly 4 trillion yuan in business in 2020, and digital catering took up an increasing share. In recent years, a great number of catering chain stores have been embracing digitalization.


Some restaurants have now adopted a new system, namely Insight Knowledge Management System, to conduct real-time monitoring, management, and maintenance of their entire unmanned back-stage operations. From ordering to serving, the dishes are produced automatically. It is said that the system can save nearly 37 percent of kitchen labor costs.


It is reported that China's digital catering industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years. In 2021, online food orders surged by 107.9 percent. And now, the online and offline integrated development of the catering industry has become a general trend, reshaping both the supply and demand sides.


Market research has shown that online ordering methods such as takeaway platforms, catering platforms, and some restaurants' self-built online ordering platforms have further opened up the digital development imagination of catering enterprises, and promoted their accelerated migration online. How to embrace the online and offline integrated scenario, offer services to numerous customers online and extend the service range from within 100 meters to over 10 kilometers, is a new proposition for catering enterprises.


An independent expert in digital catering said that digital transformation is an inevitable trend in the catering industry since digital marketing helps enterprises capture consumers' demands and collect user data. It also enables enterprises to deal with and satisfy consumers' needs in a quicker manner, which is increasingly important in a fast-paced society. Meanwhile, to realize digitalization, catering enterprises should make smart use of customer data, form a real-time response mechanism, and have artificial intelligence-empowered automatic services. Their ability to handle data will be their core competitiveness.


1. What did the recent report say about the digital transformation of catering enterprises?


Digital technologies are reshaping China's traditional catering industry, as large catering enterprises are increasingly investing in digitalization and small and medium-sized companies ramp up efforts in digital transformation, a recent report said.


The report mentioned that no matter which type of business mode, or what kind of cuisine, the driving force for the rapid growth of catering chain stores is digital transformation. The digitalization trend in the catering industry is gaining momentum (势头). And it is indeed necessary for catering entrepreneurs to spend more time considering it.


Data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China showed that China's catering industry totaled nearly 4 trillion yuan in business in 2020, and digital catering took up an increasing share. In recent years, a great number of catering chain stores have been embracing digitalization.


Some restaurants have now adopted a new system, namely Insight Knowledge Management System, to conduct real-time monitoring, management, and maintenance of their entire unmanned back-stage operations. From ordering to serving, the dishes are produced automatically. It is said that the system can save nearly 37 percent of kitchen labor costs.


It is reported that China's digital catering industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years. In 2021, online food orders surged by 107.9 percent. And now, the online and offline integrated development of the catering industry has become a general trend, reshaping both the supply and demand sides.


Market research has shown that online ordering methods such as takeaway platforms, catering platforms, and some restaurants' self-built online ordering platforms have further opened up the digital development imagination of catering enterprises, and promoted their accelerated migration online. How to embrace the online and offline integrated scenario, offer services to numerous customers online and extend the service range from within 100 meters to over 10 kilometers, is a new proposition for catering enterprises.


An independent expert in digital catering said that digital transformation is an inevitable trend in the catering industry since digital marketing helps enterprises capture consumers' demands and collect user data. It also enables enterprises to deal with and satisfy consumers' needs in a quicker manner, which is increasingly important in a fast-paced society. Meanwhile, to realize digitalization, catering enterprises should make smart use of customer data, form a real-time response mechanism, and have artificial intelligence-empowered automatic services. Their ability to handle data will be their core competitiveness.

2. What does the example of Insight Knowledge Management System illustrate?

Digital technologies are reshaping China's traditional catering industry, as large catering enterprises are increasingly investing in digitalization and small and medium-sized companies ramp up efforts in digital transformation, a recent report said.


The report mentioned that no matter which type of business mode, or what kind of cuisine, the driving force for the rapid growth of catering chain stores is digital transformation. The digitalization trend in the catering industry is gaining momentum (势头). And it is indeed necessary for catering entrepreneurs to spend more time considering it.


Data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China showed that China's catering industry totaled nearly 4 trillion yuan in business in 2020, and digital catering took up an increasing share. In recent years, a great number of catering chain stores have been embracing digitalization.


Some restaurants have now adopted a new system, namely Insight Knowledge Management System, to conduct real-time monitoring, management, and maintenance of their entire unmanned back-stage operations. From ordering to serving, the dishes are produced automatically. It is said that the system can save nearly 37 percent of kitchen labor costs.


It is reported that China's digital catering industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years. In 2021, online food orders surged by 107.9 percent. And now, the online and offline integrated development of the catering industry has become a general trend, reshaping both the supply and demand sides.


Market research has shown that online ordering methods such as takeaway platforms, catering platforms, and some restaurants' self-built online ordering platforms have further opened up the digital development imagination of catering enterprises, and promoted their accelerated migration online. How to embrace the online and offline integrated scenario, offer services to numerous customers online and extend the service range from within 100 meters to over 10 kilometers, is a new proposition for catering enterprises.


An independent expert in digital catering said that digital transformation is an inevitable trend in the catering industry since digital marketing helps enterprises capture consumers' demands and collect user data. It also enables enterprises to deal with and satisfy consumers' needs in a quicker manner, which is increasingly important in a fast-paced society. Meanwhile, to realize digitalization, catering enterprises should make smart use of customer data, form a real-time response mechanism, and have artificial intelligence-empowered automatic services. Their ability to handle data will be their core competitiveness.

3. What does the market research reveal?

Digital technologies are reshaping China's traditional catering industry, as large catering enterprises are increasingly investing in digitalization and small and medium-sized companies ramp up efforts in digital transformation, a recent report said.


The report mentioned that no matter which type of business mode, or what kind of cuisine, the driving force for the rapid growth of catering chain stores is digital transformation. The digitalization trend in the catering industry is gaining momentum (势头). And it is indeed necessary for catering entrepreneurs to spend more time considering it.


Data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China showed that China's catering industry totaled nearly 4 trillion yuan in business in 2020, and digital catering took up an increasing share. In recent years, a great number of catering chain stores have been embracing digitalization.


Some restaurants have now adopted a new system, namely Insight Knowledge Management System, to conduct real-time monitoring, management, and maintenance of their entire unmanned back-stage operations. From ordering to serving, the dishes are produced automatically. It is said that the system can save nearly 37 percent of kitchen labor costs.


It is reported that China's digital catering industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years. In 2021, online food orders surged by 107.9 percent. And now, the online and offline integrated development of the catering industry has become a general trend, reshaping both the supply and demand sides.


Market research has shown that online ordering methods such as takeaway platforms, catering platforms, and some restaurants' self-built online ordering platforms have further opened up the digital development imagination of catering enterprises, and promoted their accelerated migration online. How to embrace the online and offline integrated scenario, offer services to numerous customers online and extend the service range from within 100 meters to over 10 kilometers, is a new proposition for catering enterprises.


An independent expert in digital catering said that digital transformation is an inevitable trend in the catering industry since digital marketing helps enterprises capture consumers' demands and collect user data. It also enables enterprises to deal with and satisfy consumers' needs in a quicker manner, which is increasingly important in a fast-paced society. Meanwhile, to realize digitalization, catering enterprises should make smart use of customer data, form a real-time response mechanism, and have artificial intelligence-empowered automatic services. Their ability to handle data will be their core competitiveness.

4. What is most likely to make an enterprise stand out in the digital catering industry, according to the expert?

Digital technologies are reshaping China's traditional catering industry, as large catering enterprises are increasingly investing in digitalization and small and medium-sized companies ramp up efforts in digital transformation, a recent report said.


The report mentioned that no matter which type of business mode, or what kind of cuisine, the driving force for the rapid growth of catering chain stores is digital transformation. The digitalization trend in the catering industry is gaining momentum (势头). And it is indeed necessary for catering entrepreneurs to spend more time considering it.


Data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China showed that China's catering industry totaled nearly 4 trillion yuan in business in 2020, and digital catering took up an increasing share. In recent years, a great number of catering chain stores have been embracing digitalization.


Some restaurants have now adopted a new system, namely Insight Knowledge Management System, to conduct real-time monitoring, management, and maintenance of their entire unmanned back-stage operations. From ordering to serving, the dishes are produced automatically. It is said that the system can save nearly 37 percent of kitchen labor costs.


It is reported that China's digital catering industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years. In 2021, online food orders surged by 107.9 percent. And now, the online and offline integrated development of the catering industry has become a general trend, reshaping both the supply and demand sides.


Market research has shown that online ordering methods such as takeaway platforms, catering platforms, and some restaurants' self-built online ordering platforms have further opened up the digital development imagination of catering enterprises, and promoted their accelerated migration online. How to embrace the online and offline integrated scenario, offer services to numerous customers online and extend the service range from within 100 meters to over 10 kilometers, is a new proposition for catering enterprises.


An independent expert in digital catering said that digital transformation is an inevitable trend in the catering industry since digital marketing helps enterprises capture consumers' demands and collect user data. It also enables enterprises to deal with and satisfy consumers' needs in a quicker manner, which is increasingly important in a fast-paced society. Meanwhile, to realize digitalization, catering enterprises should make smart use of customer data, form a real-time response mechanism, and have artificial intelligence-empowered automatic services. Their ability to handle data will be their core competitiveness.

5. What can we learn about the catering industry from the passage?

Our current global environment is undergoing significant changes that have never been experienced in the history of humanity. Coupled with an increase in rural-to-urban migration, the need to create sustainable communities and cities is more visible than ever before. Let's take a look at the notion of "Smart Cities".


In the year 1800, only two percent of the world's population lived in urban areas. By 1900, that number had increased to nearly 13 percent, and in the year 2000, the percentage of people residing in urban areas reached 47 percent. According to the United Nations' World Urbanization Prospects Report published in 2014, 75 percent of the world's population is expected to live in urban areas by the year 2050.


Due to the complexity of how cities are regulated, financed, planned, and operated, there is currently no fixed definition for "Smart Cities". However, the concept can be described as the process by which cities and urban areas become more efficient, livable, and environmentally friendly. In other words, a city can be considered as "smart" when its investment in human and social capital and in communications infrastructure actively promotes sustainable economic development and a high quality of life, including the wise management of natural resources through participatory government.


Depending on the situation, a smart approach to city planning may include the following factors: the use of modern, efficient, and intelligent infrastructures such as smart energy grids and effective waste management, etc.; a thoughtful approach to integrating information and communication technologies that support and enhance day-to-day urban life; urban design that is accessible and citizen-centric with great emphasis on the role of public participation; transparency, where all citizens have access to data from city services and establishments.


As mentioned earlier, the development of "Smart Cities" involves various factors and actors. The majority of the current models recognize the following six as main elements in designing "Smart Cities" – citizens: availability of proper education and training, e-learning with a comprehensive emphasis on inclusion and social cohesion (凝聚力); mobility: consideration for public transportation, information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, and public Internet access; management: application of ICT in public services, such as e-voting, e-governance, and public transparency; economy: the government support for entrepreneurship and innovation through financial promotion, diffusion (扩散) of ICT in local business; environment: active and adaptive response to environmental concerns; quality of life: access to e-health and effective health services.

1. What does the passage say about changes in the global environment?

Our current global environment is undergoing significant changes that have never been experienced in the history of humanity. Coupled with an increase in rural-to-urban migration, the need to create sustainable communities and cities is more visible than ever before. Let's take a look at the notion of "Smart Cities".


In the year 1800, only two percent of the world's population lived in urban areas. By 1900, that number had increased to nearly 13 percent, and in the year 2000, the percentage of people residing in urban areas reached 47 percent. According to the United Nations' World Urbanization Prospects Report published in 2014, 75 percent of the world's population is expected to live in urban areas by the year 2050.


Due to the complexity of how cities are regulated, financed, planned, and operated, there is currently no fixed definition for "Smart Cities". However, the concept can be described as the process by which cities and urban areas become more efficient, livable, and environmentally friendly. In other words, a city can be considered as "smart" when its investment in human and social capital and in communications infrastructure actively promotes sustainable economic development and a high quality of life, including the wise management of natural resources through participatory government.


Depending on the situation, a smart approach to city planning may include the following factors: the use of modern, efficient, and intelligent infrastructures such as smart energy grids and effective waste management, etc.; a thoughtful approach to integrating information and communication technologies that support and enhance day-to-day urban life; urban design that is accessible and citizen-centric with great emphasis on the role of public participation; transparency, where all citizens have access to data from city services and establishments.


As mentioned earlier, the development of "Smart Cities" involves various factors and actors. The majority of the current models recognize the following six as main elements in designing "Smart Cities" – citizens: availability of proper education and training, e-learning with a comprehensive emphasis on inclusion and social cohesion (凝聚力); mobility: consideration for public transportation, information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, and public Internet access; management: application of ICT in public services, such as e-voting, e-governance, and public transparency; economy: the government support for entrepreneurship and innovation through financial promotion, diffusion (扩散) of ICT in local business; environment: active and adaptive response to environmental concerns; quality of life: access to e-health and effective health services.

2. How does the passage describe urbanization?

Our current global environment is undergoing significant changes that have never been experienced in the history of humanity. Coupled with an increase in rural-to-urban migration, the need to create sustainable communities and cities is more visible than ever before. Let's take a look at the notion of "Smart Cities".


In the year 1800, only two percent of the world's population lived in urban areas. By 1900, that number had increased to nearly 13 percent, and in the year 2000, the percentage of people residing in urban areas reached 47 percent. According to the United Nations' World Urbanization Prospects Report published in 2014, 75 percent of the world's population is expected to live in urban areas by the year 2050.


Due to the complexity of how cities are regulated, financed, planned, and operated, there is currently no fixed definition for "Smart Cities". However, the concept can be described as the process by which cities and urban areas become more efficient, livable, and environmentally friendly. In other words, a city can be considered as "smart" when its investment in human and social capital and in communications infrastructure actively promotes sustainable economic development and a high quality of life, including the wise management of natural resources through participatory government.


Depending on the situation, a smart approach to city planning may include the following factors: the use of modern, efficient, and intelligent infrastructures such as smart energy grids and effective waste management, etc.; a thoughtful approach to integrating information and communication technologies that support and enhance day-to-day urban life; urban design that is accessible and citizen-centric with great emphasis on the role of public participation; transparency, where all citizens have access to data from city services and establishments.


As mentioned earlier, the development of "Smart Cities" involves various factors and actors. The majority of the current models recognize the following six as main elements in designing "Smart Cities" – citizens: availability of proper education and training, e-learning with a comprehensive emphasis on inclusion and social cohesion (凝聚力); mobility: consideration for public transportation, information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, and public Internet access; management: application of ICT in public services, such as e-voting, e-governance, and public transparency; economy: the government support for entrepreneurship and innovation through financial promotion, diffusion (扩散) of ICT in local business; environment: active and adaptive response to environmental concerns; quality of life: access to e-health and effective health services.

3. What does the author think of "Smart Cities"?

Our current global environment is undergoing significant changes that have never been experienced in the history of humanity. Coupled with an increase in rural-to-urban migration, the need to create sustainable communities and cities is more visible than ever before. Let's take a look at the notion of "Smart Cities".


In the year 1800, only two percent of the world's population lived in urban areas. By 1900, that number had increased to nearly 13 percent, and in the year 2000, the percentage of people residing in urban areas reached 47 percent. According to the United Nations' World Urbanization Prospects Report published in 2014, 75 percent of the world's population is expected to live in urban areas by the year 2050.


Due to the complexity of how cities are regulated, financed, planned, and operated, there is currently no fixed definition for "Smart Cities". However, the concept can be described as the process by which cities and urban areas become more efficient, livable, and environmentally friendly. In other words, a city can be considered as "smart" when its investment in human and social capital and in communications infrastructure actively promotes sustainable economic development and a high quality of life, including the wise management of natural resources through participatory government.


Depending on the situation, a smart approach to city planning may include the following factors: the use of modern, efficient, and intelligent infrastructures such as smart energy grids and effective waste management, etc.; a thoughtful approach to integrating information and communication technologies that support and enhance day-to-day urban life; urban design that is accessible and citizen-centric with great emphasis on the role of public participation; transparency, where all citizens have access to data from city services and establishments.


As mentioned earlier, the development of "Smart Cities" involves various factors and actors. The majority of the current models recognize the following six as main elements in designing "Smart Cities" – citizens: availability of proper education and training, e-learning with a comprehensive emphasis on inclusion and social cohesion (凝聚力); mobility: consideration for public transportation, information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, and public Internet access; management: application of ICT in public services, such as e-voting, e-governance, and public transparency; economy: the government support for entrepreneurship and innovation through financial promotion, diffusion (扩散) of ICT in local business; environment: active and adaptive response to environmental concerns; quality of life: access to e-health and effective health services.

4. What does the author say about the elements of designing "Smart Cities"?

Our current global environment is undergoing significant changes that have never been experienced in the history of humanity. Coupled with an increase in rural-to-urban migration, the need to create sustainable communities and cities is more visible than ever before. Let's take a look at the notion of "Smart Cities".


In the year 1800, only two percent of the world's population lived in urban areas. By 1900, that number had increased to nearly 13 percent, and in the year 2000, the percentage of people residing in urban areas reached 47 percent. According to the United Nations' World Urbanization Prospects Report published in 2014, 75 percent of the world's population is expected to live in urban areas by the year 2050.


Due to the complexity of how cities are regulated, financed, planned, and operated, there is currently no fixed definition for "Smart Cities". However, the concept can be described as the process by which cities and urban areas become more efficient, livable, and environmentally friendly. In other words, a city can be considered as "smart" when its investment in human and social capital and in communications infrastructure actively promotes sustainable economic development and a high quality of life, including the wise management of natural resources through participatory government.


Depending on the situation, a smart approach to city planning may include the following factors: the use of modern, efficient, and intelligent infrastructures such as smart energy grids and effective waste management, etc.; a thoughtful approach to integrating information and communication technologies that support and enhance day-to-day urban life; urban design that is accessible and citizen-centric with great emphasis on the role of public participation; transparency, where all citizens have access to data from city services and establishments.


As mentioned earlier, the development of "Smart Cities" involves various factors and actors. The majority of the current models recognize the following six as main elements in designing "Smart Cities" – citizens: availability of proper education and training, e-learning with a comprehensive emphasis on inclusion and social cohesion (凝聚力); mobility: consideration for public transportation, information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, and public Internet access; management: application of ICT in public services, such as e-voting, e-governance, and public transparency; economy: the government support for entrepreneurship and innovation through financial promotion, diffusion (扩散) of ICT in local business; environment: active and adaptive response to environmental concerns; quality of life: access to e-health and effective health services.

5. What can we learn about "Smart Cities" from the passage?

Katharine Hepburn came from a wealthy and highly educated family. Her father was a successful doctor. Her mother was a great supporter of women's rights. The Hepburns made sure to educate their children about important political and social subjects. The family members were not afraid to express their liberal opinions. Her father also believed in the importance of intensive exercise.


Katharine Hepburn was not the usual kind of actress. She had a thin and athletic body. And she was very independent in her thoughts and actions. For example, she wore men's pants as clothing at a time when women wore only skirts or dresses. Sometimes her independence and liberal opinions got her in trouble. After a few successful plays in New York, Hollywood filmmakers became interested in her. She later signed with the film production company called RKO Pictures. Her first movie came out in 1932.


During the 1930s, critics either loved or hated Katharine Hepburn. Some thought she was a fresh and exciting addition to the Hollywood industry. Others decided she was too bold and self-important. They thought her way of speaking sounded false. But Hepburn wanted to face the movie industry her own way. She liked to play the roles of strong women. She continued to work very hard making movies. Yet by the late 1930s, she had become unpopular with the public. So movie producers stopped wanting her in their films.


But Hepburn was not raised to quit easily. She decided to return to the stage on Broadway in New York City. She starred in a play called The Philadelphia Story. Hepburn's friend Philip Barry wrote the play especially for her. It is about a wealthy and intelligent woman named Tracy Lord. She is about to marry a man she does not love. In the movie, she learns to be more honest with herself and others. She decides to marry a man from her past whom she has always loved. The play was a great success. Hepburn immediately bought the legal rights to the play. She knew The Philadelphia Story would be made into a movie and she wanted to make sure she was the star of the film version. In 1940, The Philadelphia Story became a great movie success. She had taken control of her career once again. And she remained so from then on.

1. What do we learn about Hepburn's family?

Katharine Hepburn came from a wealthy and highly educated family. Her father was a successful doctor. Her mother was a great supporter of women's rights. The Hepburns made sure to educate their children about important political and social subjects. The family members were not afraid to express their liberal opinions. Her father also believed in the importance of intensive exercise.


Katharine Hepburn was not the usual kind of actress. She had a thin and athletic body. And she was very independent in her thoughts and actions. For example, she wore men's pants as clothing at a time when women wore only skirts or dresses. Sometimes her independence and liberal opinions got her in trouble. After a few successful plays in New York, Hollywood filmmakers became interested in her. She later signed with the film production company called RKO Pictures. Her first movie came out in 1932.


During the 1930s, critics either loved or hated Katharine Hepburn. Some thought she was a fresh and exciting addition to the Hollywood industry. Others decided she was too bold and self-important. They thought her way of speaking sounded false. But Hepburn wanted to face the movie industry her own way. She liked to play the roles of strong women. She continued to work very hard making movies. Yet by the late 1930s, she had become unpopular with the public. So movie producers stopped wanting her in their films.


But Hepburn was not raised to quit easily. She decided to return to the stage on Broadway in New York City. She starred in a play called The Philadelphia Story. Hepburn's friend Philip Barry wrote the play especially for her. It is about a wealthy and intelligent woman named Tracy Lord. She is about to marry a man she does not love. In the movie, she learns to be more honest with herself and others. She decides to marry a man from her past whom she has always loved. The play was a great success. Hepburn immediately bought the legal rights to the play. She knew The Philadelphia Story would be made into a movie and she wanted to make sure she was the star of the film version. In 1940, The Philadelphia Story became a great movie success. She had taken control of her career once again. And she remained so from then on.2. Which of the following statements may reflect Hepburn's characteristics?

Katharine Hepburn came from a wealthy and highly educated family. Her father was a successful doctor. Her mother was a great supporter of women's rights. The Hepburns made sure to educate their children about important political and social subjects. The family members were not afraid to express their liberal opinions. Her father also believed in the importance of intensive exercise.


Katharine Hepburn was not the usual kind of actress. She had a thin and athletic body. And she was very independent in her thoughts and actions. For example, she wore men's pants as clothing at a time when women wore only skirts or dresses. Sometimes her independence and liberal opinions got her in trouble. After a few successful plays in New York, Hollywood filmmakers became interested in her. She later signed with the film production company called RKO Pictures. Her first movie came out in 1932.


During the 1930s, critics either loved or hated Katharine Hepburn. Some thought she was a fresh and exciting addition to the Hollywood industry. Others decided she was too bold and self-important. They thought her way of speaking sounded false. But Hepburn wanted to face the movie industry her own way. She liked to play the roles of strong women. She continued to work very hard making movies. Yet by the late 1930s, she had become unpopular with the public. So movie producers stopped wanting her in their films.


But Hepburn was not raised to quit easily. She decided to return to the stage on Broadway in New York City. She starred in a play called The Philadelphia Story. Hepburn's friend Philip Barry wrote the play especially for her. It is about a wealthy and intelligent woman named Tracy Lord. She is about to marry a man she does not love. In the movie, she learns to be more honest with herself and others. She decides to marry a man from her past whom she has always loved. The play was a great success. Hepburn immediately bought the legal rights to the play. She knew The Philadelphia Story would be made into a movie and she wanted to make sure she was the star of the film version. In 1940, The Philadelphia Story became a great movie success. She had taken control of her career once again. And she remained so from then on.3. What did Hepburn do when she became unpopular in the late 1930s?

Katharine Hepburn came from a wealthy and highly educated family. Her father was a successful doctor. Her mother was a great supporter of women's rights. The Hepburns made sure to educate their children about important political and social subjects. The family members were not afraid to express their liberal opinions. Her father also believed in the importance of intensive exercise.


Katharine Hepburn was not the usual kind of actress. She had a thin and athletic body. And she was very independent in her thoughts and actions. For example, she wore men's pants as clothing at a time when women wore only skirts or dresses. Sometimes her independence and liberal opinions got her in trouble. After a few successful plays in New York, Hollywood filmmakers became interested in her. She later signed with the film production company called RKO Pictures. Her first movie came out in 1932.


During the 1930s, critics either loved or hated Katharine Hepburn. Some thought she was a fresh and exciting addition to the Hollywood industry. Others decided she was too bold and self-important. They thought her way of speaking sounded false. But Hepburn wanted to face the movie industry her own way. She liked to play the roles of strong women. She continued to work very hard making movies. Yet by the late 1930s, she had become unpopular with the public. So movie producers stopped wanting her in their films.


But Hepburn was not raised to quit easily. She decided to return to the stage on Broadway in New York City. She starred in a play called The Philadelphia Story. Hepburn's friend Philip Barry wrote the play especially for her. It is about a wealthy and intelligent woman named Tracy Lord. She is about to marry a man she does not love. In the movie, she learns to be more honest with herself and others. She decides to marry a man from her past whom she has always loved. The play was a great success. Hepburn immediately bought the legal rights to the play. She knew The Philadelphia Story would be made into a movie and she wanted to make sure she was the star of the film version. In 1940, The Philadelphia Story became a great movie success. She had taken control of her career once again. And she remained so from then on.4. Why was the movie The Philadelphia Story important for Hepburn?

Katharine Hepburn came from a wealthy and highly educated family. Her father was a successful doctor. Her mother was a great supporter of women's rights. The Hepburns made sure to educate their children about important political and social subjects. The family members were not afraid to express their liberal opinions. Her father also believed in the importance of intensive exercise.


Katharine Hepburn was not the usual kind of actress. She had a thin and athletic body. And she was very independent in her thoughts and actions. For example, she wore men's pants as clothing at a time when women wore only skirts or dresses. Sometimes her independence and liberal opinions got her in trouble. After a few successful plays in New York, Hollywood filmmakers became interested in her. She later signed with the film production company called RKO Pictures. Her first movie came out in 1932.


During the 1930s, critics either loved or hated Katharine Hepburn. Some thought she was a fresh and exciting addition to the Hollywood industry. Others decided she was too bold and self-important. They thought her way of speaking sounded false. But Hepburn wanted to face the movie industry her own way. She liked to play the roles of strong women. She continued to work very hard making movies. Yet by the late 1930s, she had become unpopular with the public. So movie producers stopped wanting her in their films.


But Hepburn was not raised to quit easily. She decided to return to the stage on Broadway in New York City. She starred in a play called The Philadelphia Story. Hepburn's friend Philip Barry wrote the play especially for her. It is about a wealthy and intelligent woman named Tracy Lord. She is about to marry a man she does not love. In the movie, she learns to be more honest with herself and others. She decides to marry a man from her past whom she has always loved. The play was a great success. Hepburn immediately bought the legal rights to the play. She knew The Philadelphia Story would be made into a movie and she wanted to make sure she was the star of the film version. In 1940, The Philadelphia Story became a great movie success. She had taken control of her career once again. And she remained so from then on.5. What are the most important factors that make Hepburn a successful actress?